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  1. 3 World News of Natural Sciences

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  1. 1 2024

  2. 2 2023

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  1. 3 Ohabughiro N. B.

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Assessment of phytochemical constituents and antifungal activities of four selected green leafy vegetables from Owerri, South-East Nigeria

100%
Ohabughiro N. B.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2023
|
vol. 50
73-85
EN
Medicinal plants contain numerous phytochemicals like tannin, alkaloids, steroid, saponin and flavonoid. Plants are being used as valuable source of food and medicine for prevention of illness and maintenance of human health. The following medicinal plants were used: Scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum), Bitter leaves (Vemonia amygdalina). Uziza leaves (Piper guineense) and Utazi leaves (Gongronema latifolium). Soxhlex apparatus was used to extract active ingredients from plants. Methanol and hot water solvents were used for extraction. Methanol and hot water extracts of the plants were used against identified isolated. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used in the isolation and identification of moulds from stored rice, maize, wheat and groundnut. Sabouraud dextrose agar and potato dextrose agar were used for cultural isolation. Moulds species were identified using 18S rRNA gene sequencing method. Fungal susceptibility testing was performed to determine the minimum inhibition concentration. The following moulds Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus and Penicillium chrysogenum were isolated and identified from stored grains and legumes. The medicinal plants contain the following phytochemicals tannin, alkaloids, steroid, saponin and flavonoids. Percentage (%) growth inhibition of moulds by methanol extract was greater than hot water extract of medicinal plants. Percentage growth inhibition of moulds by methanol and hot water extract of scent leaf gave the highest inhibition followed by bitter leaf, utazi while uziza gave the least growth inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts was greatest at 100 mg/ml and least at 12.5mg/ml. Minimum growth inhibition increases with increase in concentration of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants gave varying levels of growth inhibition against varying isolates and should be used both at home and clinical settings. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants to our society cannot be overemphasized.
2
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Determination of mycotoxin producing moulds using culture and non-culture characterization and proximate composition of stored grains and legumes in Imo State, Nigeria

88%
Ohabughiro N. B.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2024
|
vol. 54
70-82
EN
Cereals and legumes are the major food sources for people in a developing country. Four grains and legumes (rice, maize wheat and groundnut) stored for 2 - 4 months in different packaging materials. These samples were randomly selected from three different markets. They were assessed for the presence of mycotoxin producing moulds and for the production of mycotoxins. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used in the isolation and identification of moulds. A multimycotoxin method based on Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze both the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of mycotoxin fungal metabolites. Proximate composition was determined using the method of Association of official Analytical chemist. The moulds isolated and identified culturally were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., Aspergillus tamarii Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans and Mucor spp. The percentage occurrence of non-culturally 18S rRNA gene sequence dominant mould species identified were Aspergillus flavus (46%) followed by Aspergillus tamarii (23%), Aspergillus niger (18%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (9%) while the least was (4%) Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus. The Phylogenic tree was constructed by using the geneious software version 4.0. Aflatoxin, ochratoxins, fumonisin, deoxynevalenol and zearalenone were the different mycotoxins detected in stored grains and legumes. Ochratoxin A had the highest concentration of 371.8 ± 7.878 while Deoxynevalenol had the least concentration of 320 ± 4.617. Different values for Moisture Content, Crude Protein, Crude Fibre, Ash, Carbohydrate and Energy Value were determined. Groundnut 558.74 ± 279.37 had the highest energy value while Wheat 315.08 ± 157.54 had the least energy value. Grains and Legumes are essential for good health. There is a strong need to devise good storage condition for stored grains and legumes to avoid mycotoxigenic moulds contamination.
3
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Antifungal activities of moulds associated with selected stored grains and legumes

63%
Ohabughiro N. B.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2023
|
vol. 50
52-59
EN
An antifungal agent can either kill or inhibit the growth of fungi by interfering with the formation of fungal cell membrane, weakening it and hindering cell division. Antifungal agents of amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole of Thermo Fisher Scientific limited were used for this study. Cultural analysis of stored grains and legumes (rice, maize, wheat, groundnut and beans) from Imo State was done using streak plate method. Sabouraud dextrose agar was used for the culture while Mueller Hinton agar was used for Antifungal sensitivity test. Moulds were further identified using 18s rRNA gene sequencing method. The antifungal sensitivity profile of isolated and identified moulds was evaluated using the clinical laboratory and standard institute approved methods for testing of moulds, the disk diffusion and tetrazolium chloride test. The results showed that Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus and Penicillium chrysogenum were the moulds isolated and identified using both cultural and 18S rRNA sequence. The fungal isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and voriconazole. Amphotericin B was both resistant and susceptible to different moulds. The fungal isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Inhibition effects were more with the antifungal disc than with tetrazolium salts. All the isolates were resistant to tetrazolium chloride and gave no zone of inhibition. Combination of antifungal agent and tetrazolium chloride showed sensitivity only to ketoconazole. Antifungal disc alone gave a better zone of inhibition than the combination of antifungal agents with tetrazolium salts. This study showed that ketoconazole has greater inhibitory potential than other antifungal agents. Ketoconazole remains the best drug of choice among the studied antifungal agents for fungal infections. Therefore antifungal drugs can be used against moulds of economic importance in the country.
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