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1

Inheritance of water use efficiency in diallel hybrids of spring barley under varied nutrition and soil moisture

100%
Gorny A. G.
|
1999
|
vol. 40
|
issue 1
15-28
EN
Inheritance of water use efficiency (WUE) at the whole-plant level was investigated in a diallel set (Ps+F2s) of spring barley. Plants were grown in 9 dm3 pots under optimal conditions, low NPK nutrition and low soil moisture. GCA effects were found to be of major importance for the variance in vegetative and economic WUE measures. A significance of SCA effects was observed only under nutrient and soil moisture stresses. The stress conditions used did not considerably affect the sign and magnitude of combining ability effects. Consistency between GCA and parental means was found. The efficiency of water use under stress did not correlate with stress tolerance indices, but stress-induced changes in the harvest index and WUE were closely related to the tolerance. An analysis of genetic components of variation indicated that additive gene effects were of major importance for the vegetative and economic WUE measures. Moderately high narrow-sense heritabilities of WUE under optimal conditions (0.64-0.69) were found to decrease to 0.46-0.53 and 0.13-0.35 under limited fertilization and simulated drought, respectively. Partial dominance of genes was observed. The degree of dominance of genes was found to increase under stress. The results suggest that a low WUE is a recessive character. It is supposed that the preponderance of additive gene effects should facilitate selection efforts to improve WUE in spring barley.
2

Cytogenetic toxicity effects of inorganic nickel and organic Ni(II) complexes on Brassica oleracea L. root meristem

86%
Molas J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2001
|
vol. 42
|
issue 3
257-268
EN
Experiments were carried out on the effect of nickel as an inorganic compound (NiSO4?7H2O) and organic Ni(II) complexes (i.e. Ni(II)-Glu and Ni(II)-EDTA) in concentrations of 20, 40 and 85 muM dm-3 on meristematic cells of root tips of Brassica oleracea L. cv. S?awa from Enkhouizen. All three tested chemical forms of nickel had a mitodepressive effect and inhibited root elongation. With respect to the degree of root elongation inhibition and mitodepressive effect, the tested forms of nickel can be put in the following order: Ni(II)-Glu NiSO4?7H2O Ni(II)-EDTA. In all three tested forms, nickel caused disturbances in mitotic divisions, resulting in anaphase bridges and binuclear cells, whose nuclei were joined by a bridge of condensed chromatin or separated. Inorganic nickel and Ni(II)-Glu in higher concentrations damaged nuclei (the amount of condensed chromatin increased), nucleoli (their structure became more condensed and vacuolisation was observed), endoplasmic reticulum (fragmentation, swelling of cisternae) and mitochondria (structure condensation).
3

Genotypic and nutrition-dependent variation in water use efficiency and photosynthetic activity of leaves in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

72%
Gorny A. G., Garczynski S.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2002
|
vol. 43
|
issue 2
145-160
EN
Effects of high and reduced NPK nutrition on the genetic variation of components of water use efficiency at the leaf and whole-plant levels were examined in pot-grown old and modern cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). At the subsequent growth stages, the photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), leaf area (LA) and gas exchange efficiency (A/E) were measured on fully developed 4th, 5th, penultimate and flag leaves. At the plant canopy level, the total amount of water transpired was recorded during the whole life cycle to determine the efficiency of water use in the vegetative (WUEveg) and grain (WUEgen) matter formation. Considerable genotypic differences were found for the characters studied. The limited NPK supply caused a decrease in LA, A and A/E, but contributed to an increase in WUEgen. Examined cultivars (C) did not interact with nutrition levels (N) for these characteristics. However, the position of leaves (L) and the C ? L and N ? L interactions significantly affected the variance in leaf photosynthetic characteristics. A and A/E were negatively correlated with LA, and the flag leaves were photosynthetically less active and less efficient per unit area than the lower leaves. The whole-plant components of WUE were found to be more genetically stable than the photosynthetic leaf characteristics. Some modern cultivars tended to form leaves of higher A and A/E than the older ones, and this corresponds with a more efficient use of water in grain formation (WUEgen) of the former. Stay-green duration of flag leaves and harvest index showed positive correlations with WUEgen. However, no close associations were noticed between WUE components and stress tolerance, and the modern cultivars were usually less tolerant to NPK shortage.
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