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Non-opioid peptides for analgesia

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Chrubasik J., Chrubasik S., Martin E.
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EN
Amongst the candidates believed to be involved in the mediation of analgesia, only somatostatin fulfills the criterium of a real analgesia substance. Spinal somatostatin specifically blocks the transmission of painful stimuli. Spinal calcitonin may lower the opioid dose requirement in patients with bone metastases but it fails to relieve acute pain. The usefulness of ACTH and CRF for treatment of pain remains to be established. The role of CCK-8, vasopressin and is unclear. The contradictory findings on antinociception using simple rodent withdrawl reflex tests (e.g. the tail test), or more complex behavioral tests in which supraspinal sensory processing is involved, (e.g. the hot plate test), indicate that these tests are inappropriate when neuropeptides are employed. Furthermore, due to their inability to predict analgesia in humans, they do not fulfill the guidelines proposed by the IASP that animal test procedured have to be for the benefit of humans.
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Stress and nutritional influences on GnRH and somatostatin neuronal system in the ewe

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Polkowska J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 3
797-806
EN
The efect of stressful stimulation and protein malnutration on the gonadotrophic and somatotrophic axis of sheep is discussed with special references to the relatioship between these stimuli and the GnRH and somatostatin neuronal system in the hypothalmus.Generally, long-term stimulation and chronic underfeeding reduce gonadal functions in the sheep.There is evidence for the GnRH-dependent pathway for the mechanism of these phenomena in femle sheep.GnRh neurons respond to long-term stress in diminishing of neuropeptide release from the nerve terminals due to the depression of its axonal transport.Chronic restriction of dietary proteins in lambs reduces the plasma LH concentration but does not impair the development of GnRH neurons nor the synthesis and processing of GnRH.It is suggested that malnutrition delays the first ovulation probably due to the neural mechanism responsible for the preovulatory GnRH/LH output.Stress has rather unclear effect on growth hormone (GH) secretion in the sheep.Prolonged, but not short stressful stimulation provokes the rapid release of somatostatin, which is sustained during long-term stimulation.These results suggest that effect of stress on somatotrophic axis depends on the period of stressful stimulation.VChronic malnutrition enhances secretion of GH by an increse in amplitude of GH pulses and reduces the secretory activity of somatostatin neurons.It is postulated that nutrients can influence GH secretion in the sheep by mechanism dependent on the hypothalmic somatostatin.
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