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1

Chromosome number variation in somatic hybrids between transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Solanum lycopersicoides

100%
Kulawiec M., Tagashira N., Plader W., Bartoszewski G., Kuc D., Sniezko R., Malepszy S.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 4
431-447
EN
Leaf mesophyll protoplasts of Lycopersicon esculentum were fused with suspension-culture-derived protoplasts of Solanum lycopersicoides by a PEG treatment. Both species have the same chromosome number (2n = 2x = 24). The hybrid calli were selected using the full selection method ? kanamycin resistance and culture conditions critical for L. esculentum protoplast divisions. The genomic in situ hybridization analyses indicated a hypo- and hypertetraploid character of the hybrid plant with a majority of S. lycopersicoides chromosomes and a variation in chromosome number from 46 to 53. The hybrids contained a transgene derived from L. esculentum, as shown by Southern blot hybridization and PCR analyses. Their mitochondria were derived from the wild species, S. lycopersicoides. More than 60 regenerated plants were transferred into the greenhouse. They grew very slowly and were not able to flower for almost one year. The main morphological characters of the hybrids included a single shoot and small, dark-green leaves with strongly wrinkled blades. The reasons for nuclear genome asymmetry between hybrids and the possibilities of using them in a genetic and breeding programme are discussed in this paper.
2

Modern approaches to the breeding of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

100%
Tacke E., Uhring H., Rohde W., Gebhard C., Salamini F.
Biotechnologia
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1996
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issue 1
69-82
EN
Solanum tuberosum, the potato a crop of the family Solanaceae, is cultivated in temperate and subtropical zones of the world.After wheat, rice and corn it occupies the fourth position in terms of world production per year.We summarize the work carried out in our department concerning the use of cellular and molecular techniques in potato breeding.
3

Increase of genetic variability by somatic hybridization in Gramineae

88%
Rybczynski J. J.
Biotechnologia
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2006
|
issue 4
136-144
EN
The paper reviews somatic hybridization of grasses and cereals. The following subjects are be discussed: 1) methods of somatic embryo production, 2) levels and methods used for somatic hybrids' description 3) species participating in hybridization programs, 4) traits used for selection of somatic hybrids in in vitro culture, 5) agricultural traits searched in particular combination of hybridization, 6) ploidy of somatic regenerants and their isoenzymatic variation.
4

Somaclonal selection of physiological mutants and several problems related to rice cell breeding

75%
Kinoshita T., Mori K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1998
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vol. 39
|
issue 1
9-35
EN
Tolerance to a new herbicide, pyributycarb, was evaluated both at the plant and cellular levels. Several highly or moderately tolerant strains chosen at the plant level, showed a parallel relation of to tolerance at the cellular level. However, on the whole, correlation between total tolerance indices and survival rates of calli was not significant in 18 out of the 80 studied strains. As a result of somaclonal selection for two herbicides, lines NB-200 and NM-100 were regenerated from the tolerant calli screened with benthiocarb at 200 ppm, and molinate at 100 ppm, respectively. In the R2 generation, both the lines displaned a stable tolerance both at the plant and cellular levels. Thus the highly tolerant mutant lines were developed from a moderately tolerant line, N-61, via in vitro selection. To achieve a short-cut method in the interspecific genetic exchange, a series of techniques related to cell fusion were established in rice and related species. Two kinds of somatic hybrids between the cultivar Kitaake and tetraploid Oryza species, O. punctata and O. officinalis, were successfully produced. Among the somatic hybrid plants, a wide range of chromosomal variation was observed. Aneuploid plants with a chromosome number around 2n = 72 (hexaploid), which are expected from a symmetric fusion between diploid and tetraploid strains, were obtained showing mixoploidy within a plant. Most of the somatic hybrids were characterized by intermediate features of plant-type showing high sterility, shattering of spikelets and reduced plant height. As an exception, a diploid plant, which was identified by RFLP analysis using the rDNA gene probe, closely resembled Kitaake and produced viable seeds. A tetraploid hybrid plant was also promising for the introduction of economically important characters through the reduction of chromosome numbers by doubled haploids. Gametoclonal variation and gamma radiation was applied to Kitaake. The mutation frequency was prominently increased by gamma ray treatment, especially at high doses of 200 Gy or 300 Gy. In the M3R2 or M4R3 generations, most of the variants showed unfavourable characters. Most of the mutant characters were governed by single or double recessive genes. Several mutants such as short culm and early flowering time might be used for rice breeding.
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