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1

Negative signals from FceRI engagement attenuate mast-cell functions

100%
Molfetta R., Peruzzi G., Santoni A., Paolini R.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2007
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vol. 55
|
issue 4
219-229
EN
Mast cells have long been recognized as the critical tissue-based effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Ligation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FceRI), constitutively expressed on mast cells, promotes cell activation and immediate release and production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Besides these positive signals, FceRI aggregation has recently been understood to generate negative intracellular signals capable of limiting mast-cell functional responses. This review is aimed at providing a summary of the mechanisms through which FceRI engagement can generate negative signals and regulate mast-cell function. Similar mechanisms are employed by other receptors expressed by immune cells, such as T cell and B cell receptors, pointing to a general concept in negative immunoreceptor signaling.
2

The emerging distinct role of TNF-receptor 2 (p80) signaling in chronic inflammatory disorders

100%
Holtmann M. H., Schuchmann M., Zeller G., Galle P. R., Neurath M. F.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2002
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vol. 50
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issue 4
279-287
EN
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a pleiotropic cytokine with strong proinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. TNF-alpha plays a critical role in many acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and anti-TNF strategies have proven to be clinically effective. Two TNF-specific cell surface receptors, TNF-R1 (p60) and TNF-R2 (p80), have been identified and the function of these receptors and the downstream intracellular signal-transduction pathways have been extensively studied in vitro. For a long time p60 was considered to be the predominant mediator of TNF signaling, whereas p80 was ascribed only an euxilliary function. However, there is increasing clinica and experimental evidence for an important independent role of p80 signaling in chronic inflammatory conditions. The date, most data exist for Crohn's disease. Upregulation of p80 and increased p80 signaling aggrevates experimental colitis and is likely to contribute to the chronicity of inflammation in vivo. Further studies are required to elucidate critically important steps in TNF signaling that might be dysregulated. This will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases and poteintially reveal new, more specific therapeutic targets
3
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Protein serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKC and CaMKII) involved in ischemic brain pathology

100%
Domanska-Janik K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 2
579-585
EN
The protein serina/threonine kinases which are highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) are severely affected by brain ischemia.Irrespective of substantial differences among the particular members of this group of kinases, their responses to ischemic stress show a lot of similarities.Initially they are switched on fy faciliated interaction with their specific activators/second messengers like cyclic AMP, 1,2 -sn-diacylglicrol and particularly Ca2+, then they are translocated to highly specific regions of plasma membranes.After phosphorylation of target proteins, the kinases are deactivated by means access to cAMP. In the case of CaMKII, it is probably achieved by its extensive, inhibitory autophosphorylations, while PKC seems to be proteolytically degraded.These biphasic changes in serine/threonine kinases activity may play a critical role in the evolution of postichemic brain injury and provide a mechanism for a variety of short- and long-term signalling events.
4

The role of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in the investigationa of the molecular phenomenas activated by oncogenes: therapeutical implications

80%
Skorski T., Nieborowska-Skorska M.
Biotechnologia
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1995
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issue 1
44-55
EN
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides are well known as specific inhibitor of targeted genes expression. In this paper we demonmstrate that antisenses could be applied for investigation of the molecular mechanisms activated by oncogenes These studies may identify new targets for antisense treatments of tumors.
5

The murine Ly49 family: form and function

80%
Makrigiannis A. P., Anderson S. K.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2001
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vol. 49
|
issue 1
47-50
EN
The activity of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by surface receptors that recognize class I MHC. Murine NK cells express a large family of lectin-related receptors (Ly49s) to perform this function, while human NK cells utilize a separate group of proteins containing Ig-related domains (KIRs). Although these receptor families not structurally related, the Ly49 family appears to be the functional equivalent of human KIRs, since it uses similar signal transduction pathways for either activation or inhibition of NK cell function. Therefore, lessons learned from the study of the murine MHC class I receptor system may be relevant to human NK function. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the Ly49 family.
6

Crosstalk between G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase signaling: Src take centre stage

80%
Ptasznik A., Gewirtz A. M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2000
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vol. 48
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issue 1
27-30
EN
Although the role of G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of metabolic, secretory and contractile responses is well established, they have only recently been recognized as important mediators of cellular growth and differentiation. G protein-coupled signaling pathways had been previously thought to be totally independent of the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. It was previously believed that molecular switches responsible for growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor signaling and G protein-coupled signaling were divided into a distinct sets of protein families. Recent evidence has demonstrated, however, that G protein-coupled receptors can crosstalk to tyrosine kinase signaling. In the past few years several groups have found that G protein-coupled receptors utilize non-receptor tyrosine kinases, mostly that of Src family, and some adapter proteins, to regulate tyrosine kinase cascades in cells.
7

Phosphodiesterases of cyclic GMP

80%
Wroblewska H., Gorczyca G. W. A., Gorczyca W. A.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
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2001
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vol. 55
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issue 5
615-627
EN
Phosphodiesterases of cyclic nucleotides (PDEs) are enzymes hydrolyzing cGMP, cAMP or both and are regulated in several different ways. In this paper we summarize current data on structure, cellular and tissue localization, regulation and function of different PDE families that hydrolyze cGMP.
8

The role of TGF-beta signaling in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in scleroderma

80%
Ihn H.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 50
|
issue 5
325-332
EN
Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the skin, lung, and other organs is a hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). The pathogenesis of SSc is still poorly understood, but increasing evidence suggests that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a key mediator of tissue fibrosis as a consequence of ECM accumulation in pathologic states such as systemic sclerosis. TGF-beta regulates diverse biological activities including cell growth, cell death or apoptosis, cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. TGF-beta is known to induce the expression of ECM proteins in mesenchymal cells, and to stimulate the production of protease inhibitors that prevent enzymatic breakdown of the ECM. This review focuses on the possible role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in SSc.
9

The role of PTEN in allergic inflammation

80%
Lee Y. C.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2004
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vol. 52
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issue 4
250-254
EN
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by airway eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia with mucus hyper-secretion, and hyper-responsiveness to inhaled allergens and to non-specific stimuli. Eosinophil accumulation and subsequent activation in bronchial tissues play critical roles in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. Many inflammatory mediators attract and activate eosinophils via signal transduction pathways involving an enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3- kinase). Studies using wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3-kinase, have revealed the involvement of PI3-kinase in the biochemical transduction of activation signals generated by many inflammatory mediators in eosinophils. Wortmannin prevents the development of airway inflammation, either by inhibiting the eosinophil infiltration of bronchial tissues or their activation on arrival. Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is part of a complex signaling system that affects a variety of important cell functions. PTEN opposes the action of PI3-kinase by dephosphorylating the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. Recently we have demonstrated that PTEN expression is diminished in airway epithelial cells of antigen-sensitized and -challenged mice. Administration of PI3-kinase inhibitors or adenoviruses carrying PTEN complementary DNA remarkably reduces eosinophil levels and inflammation. One likely mechanism for this reduction is PTEN-mediated eosinophil degranulation and suppression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5. These findings indicate that use of PTEN may be a good therapeutic strategy for the management of allergic inflammation.
10

cGMP-dependent protein kinases

80%
Kurowska E., Siednienko J., Gorczyca W. A.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
|
2003
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vol. 57
|
issue 6
631-648
EN
Cyclic GMP is common second messenger in a plethora of processes. Its major intracellular receptors are the cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). In this minireview we summarise the main results of studies on structure and physiological role of PKGs.
11

Molecular mechanisms of CD40 signaling

80%
Bishop G. A., Hostager B. S.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2001
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vol. 49
|
issue 2
129-138
EN
CD40, a member of the growing tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) family of molecules, functions as a transmembrane signal receptor in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types, although its physiological roles are less well understood in the latter. Much has been learned over the past decade about the role of CD40 signaling in various cellular functions. In addition, some of the molecular events which occur subsequent to CD40 engagement have been characterized, although much remains to be understood. This review will summarize the known important biological roles of CD40, and discuss what is currently known about how CD40 signals.
12

Multi-functional roles of stat3 revealed by conditional gene targeting

80%
Takeda K., Akira S.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2001
|
vol. 49
|
issue 4
279-284
EN
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) is a family of transcription factors composed of seven members. Gene-targeted mice of each STAT family protein displayed defective responses to cytokines, demonstrating an important role in cytokine-mediated biological responses. However, unlike the mice lacking other STAT proteins, Stat3-deficient mice died during their early embryogenesis. Therefore, in an attempt to avoid the lethality and assess the role of Stat3 in cytokine-mediated functions in mouse adult tissues, conditional gene targeting utilizing a Cre-loxP system was achieved. By this method, Stat3 was disrupted in several types of tissue, including T cells, macrophages, skin, and mammary gland. Analyses of these Stat3-mutant mice revealed important roles of Stat3 in biological functions in each tissue.
13

Positive and negative regulatory mechanisms in high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell activation

80%
Roth K., Chen W.-M., Lin T.-J.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 6
385-399
EN
Mast cells are important effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. The aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) on the surface of mast cells initiates a complex cascade of signaling events that ultimately leads to the release of various mediators involved in allergic inflammation and anaphylactic reactions. The release of these mediators is tightly controlled by signaling pathways that are propagated through the cell by specific phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. These events are controlled by protein kinases and protein phosphatases which either positively or negatively regulate the propagation of the signal through the cell. This review summarizes the role of both positive and negative regulators of Fc?RI-induced mast cell activation.
14

Fc? receptors - properties, binding of IgG and the role in induction of various biological functions in cells

80%
Sokal I.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
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1995
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vol. 49
|
issue 1
47-51
15

Ethylene and plant defense response

80%
Handschuh L.
Biotechnologia
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1999
|
issue 3
86-93
EN
The simplest plant growth and development hormone, ethylene, belongs (together with S.A. and JA) to key molecules governing the plant defense response. Production of ethylene is stimulated by wounding, flooding, metal ions, senescense and abscission processes, pathogene attack and ethylene itself. High level of ethylene induces the expression of many classes of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR). In order to properly function, ethylene must be precisely regulated, especially at the biosynthesis and signalling pathways. Two main enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis are ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. The ethylene signal transduction pathway is very complicated and needs to be further investigated. Ethylene binds to its receptors ETRs, then the signal is transduced to CTR1 and through phosforylating kinases cascades to EINs and EREBPs, directly binding to DNA GCC boxes. As a consequence, many PR proteins are activated.
16

The cGMP synthesis and PKG1 expression in murine lymphoid organs

71%
Kurowska E., Kobialka M., Ziolo E., Strzadala L., Gorczyca W. A.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2002
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vol. 50
|
issue 4
289-295
EN
Numerous reports indicate that cyclic 3',5' guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is involved in the regulation of immune processes. However, the mechanisms responsible for the synthesis of this nucleotide and its signaling pathways in immune cells are still not well recognized. The aim of our study was to establish: 1) which form of guanylyl cyclase synthesizes cGMP in murine lymphoid organs and 2) whether the same organs express the isoforms PKG1alpha and/or PKG1beta of protein kinase G, known as a possible target for synthesized cGMP. Cells isolated from thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen were treated with activators (SNP, ANP, CNP, STa) of soluble or particulate cyclases. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) elevated intracellular cGMP 2-fold in thymic and lymph node cells and about 10-fold in spleen cells. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) caused modest but statistically significant increases of cGMP in cells of all the organs. Additionally, spleen cells elevated their cGMP content about 2-fold in response to C-type natriuretic protein (CNP). In cellular homogenates of all the analyzed organs, the antibody anti-PKG1beta stained the 78 kDa band corresponding to the molecular mass of PKG1. Only homogenates of spleen cells were stained by the antibody recognizing PKG1alpha. Our results indicate that in all the investigated organs, cGMP may be synthesized mainly by soluble guanylyl cyclases in response to nitric oxide. The modest increase of cGMP upon stimulation by ANP suggests that in all these organs either exist only a small subpopulation of cells that express particulate cyclase GC-A or GC-A is expressed at very low level. In spleen cells, however, cyclase GC-B appears to be the more active enzyme. Elevated cGMP concentration may in turn activate PKG1beta in thymus, lymph node, and spleen cells and also PKG1alpha in spleen cells.
17

Liver regeneration ofter partial hepatectomy. Function of the lipid messengers

71%
Chocian G., Zabielski P., Chabowski A.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
|
2002
|
vol. 56
|
issue 1
49-71
EN
The paper contains current data on the different ways of the liver regeneration. There is still not enough data about control of the regeneration processes in the liver. However nuclear phosphatidylinositols and sphingomyelins have been shown to play a potent role of messengers signaling. The lipid messengers may be potent factors affecting process of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
18

Retinal calcium-binding proteins. Their function and pathology

71%
Witkowska D., Gorczyca W.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
|
1997
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vol. 51
|
issue 1
1-22
EN
Calcium is involved in most cellular processes through calcium-binding proteins, belonging to the EF-hand superfamily. Recently new members of this family were found in the retina of vertebrates. Functions of these proteins and their relations to some neurological diseases are reviewed. Other EF-hand proteins found in the retina are also described.
19
Content available remote

Molecular basis of dendritic arborization

71%
Urbanska M., Blazejczyk M., Jaworski J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 68
|
issue 2
264-288
EN
The pattern of dendritic branching along with the receptor and channel composition and density of synapses regulate the electrical properties of neurons. Abnormalities in dendritic tree development lead to serious dysfunction of neuronal circuits and, consequently, the whole nervous system. Not surprisingly, the complicated and multi-step process of dendritic arbor development is highly regulated and controlled at every stage by both extrinsic signals and intrinsic molecular mechanisms. In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanisms that contribute to cellular processes that are crucial for the proper formation and stability of dendritic arbors, in such distant organisms as insects (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster), amphibians (Xenopus laevis), and mammals.
20
Content available remote

Involvement of in various cellular systems transducting evoked signal

71%
Zablocka B., Domanska-Janik K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
1993
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vol. 53
|
issue 1
25-29
EN
(1) We favour a hypothesis that the delayed in is iniated by the increase of intracellular concentration, activating transiently Ca-dependent .(2) The secondary effects of the , short-lasting PKC translocation/activation could involve:an activation of cAMP signaling pathway; an activation of early response like .
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