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1

Ribozymes - tools for inhibition of gene expression

100%
Wozniak L. A.
Biotechnologia
|
1994
|
issue 4
79-91
EN
Catalytic properties of RNA are presented.Their potential use as gene expression inhibitors is discussed.
2

Ribozymes in medicine

100%
Antoszczyk S., Nawrot B.
Biotechnologia
|
2003
|
issue 2
140-152
EN
Catalytic nucleic acids, ribozymes and deoxyribozymes can act as efficient ribonucleases and degrade target RNA molecules by complementary Watson-Crick base pairing and catalytic cleavage of their phosphodiester internucleotide bonds. This ability makes ribozymes and deoxyribozymes potent molecular tools for therapeutic applications. Recent achievements in ribozymes design and technology enable the preparation of ribozymes which can be efficiently expressed in cellular systems, co-localize with the target mRNA and exhibit high intracellular activity. Several examples of preclinical and clinical trials of ribozymes directed toward viral genes (HBV, HCV, HIV-1) and oncogenes are discussed in this review.
3

Modified catalytic ribonucleic acids

100%
Leszczynska G., Sochacka E.
Biotechnologia
|
2003
|
issue 2
165-181
EN
Over the last decade, modified oligoribonucleotides have emerged as a valuable tool in catalytic RNA studies. The range of incorporated nucleotide analogues includes modifications in the base, sugar or phosphate moieties. The comparisons of the properties of the modified RNA enzymes with unmodified models allow one to draw the conclusions concerning the importance of specific functional groups within the catalytic RNA. In this review, we discuss the selected examples of modified oligonucleotides applications to investigate some aspects of mechanisms and structure/function relationships of small ribozymes (hammerhead and hairpin). The importance of modifications for the improvement of ribozyme catalytic activity and resistance to nucleases are also presented.
4

The use of RNA molecules in modeling of gene expression

80%
Pieczynski M., Bielewicz D., Dolata J., Szweykowska-Kulinska Z.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 3
7-28
EN
Gene silencing and modeling of gene expression are classical approaches in studying gene functions. There are many methods available which use RNA molecules as gene silencing inducers or gene expression modulators. RNA molecules act at different levels of gene expression: chromatin structure, gene transcription and pre-mRNA maturation. In the last decade, new methods for silencing and modeling of gene expression emerged, utilizing RNAi phenomenon, trans-splicing, RNA directed DNA metylation, ribozymes, artificial microRNAs, ryboswitches, and U1 interference. In this paper, we review some of the methods which were successfully used for gene function studies and as therapeutic tools against different plant and human diseases.
5

RNA World

80%
Szweykowska-Kulinska Z.
Biotechnologia
|
2003
|
issue 2
15-27
EN
Experimental data suggest that four billion years ago amino acids, purines and pyrimidines could be present in prebiotic soup. Non- enzymatic synthesis of peptides and RNA is possible. RNA can act as replicators and catalysts. Ribonucleic acids are very likely to be recognized as the molecules that gave rise to life. Riboorganisms used amino acids for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine rings. They developed genetic code and translation. First proteins were used to create channels across phospholipid membranes and to stabilize ribozymes. Ribonucleoproteins containing catalytic RNA can be regarded as relicts from RNA World.
6

Antisense makes sense in protein biosynthesis regulation

80%
Twardowski T.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 3
134-137
EN
occurs in nature with frequency error better than 10-4. Regulation of is caused by several factors. Recently the effect of on in vivo as well as in vitro has been presented. The specific recognition of substrate by ribozyme is also determined by sense-antisense hybridization reaction of ribozymes flanking sequences.
7

Strategy of directed RNA degradation and selected examples of its use in antiviral therapy

80%
Dutkiewicz M., Ciesiolka J.
Biotechnologia
|
2002
|
issue 1
57-70
EN
Over the last decade, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes have emerged as valuable biochemical tools and promising therapeutic reagents in medicine. This review describes the basic principles of their use in the strategy of directed RNA degradation. The rules for the rational choice of targeted RNA sequences, the properties of available RNA cleaving tools, as well as the major problems that limit the effectiveness of this new technology, are discussed. Selected examples of the successful use of antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes as antiviral agents are presented.
8

Mechanistic studies of Hammerhead ribozytmes and their application in vivo

80%
Zhou D.-M., Kohda T., Koseki S., Yamamoto R., Yasugi M., Tsaguawa K., Ohkawa J., Koguma T., Taira K.
Biotechnologia
|
1996
|
issue 4
183-200
EN
The hammerhead ribozyme belongs to the class of molecules known as antisense RNAs.However, because of short extra sequences that form the so-called catalytic loop, it can act as an enzyme.Since the catalytic domain captures magnesium ions and magnesium ions can cleave phosphodiester bonds, hammerhead ribozymes are recognized as metalleozymes.In RNA cleaving reaction catalyzed by protein enzymes, the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds involves acid/base catalysis, with proton transfer occurring in the transition solvent isotope effects, in reaction catalyzed by hammerhead ribozymes, it became apparent that no proton transfer occurs in the transition state during reactions catalysed by a hammerhead ribozyme.This and an additional kinetic analysis, using a natural all-RNA substrate that contains a 5'-thio-leaving group at the cleavage site, revealed that hammerhead ribozymes exploit the general double-metal-ion mechanism of catalysis, with Mg2+ ions coordinating directly with the attacking and leaving oxygen moities.Since the hammerhead ribozyme is one of the smallest RNA enzymes known and has potential as a antiviral agent, thus ribozyme has been extensively investigated for application in vivo.Ribozymes are described that have possible utility as agents against HIV-1.
9

Antisense strategy in translational regulation of protein biosynthesis. Perspectives on plant agrobiotechology

80%
Nawrot M., Sobkiewicz A., Twardowski T.
Biotechnologia
|
1994
|
issue 4
92-101
EN
Model research with antisense strategy on plant system at translational level (26S rRNA and 5S rRNA) are presented.The perspective application of this technology for Polish agriculture is discussed.
10

Background of antisense strategy and potential applications

80%
Madej-Dudzinska B., Twardowski T.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 3
62-75
EN
Structure and function of antisense oligomers and ribozynes are discussed. Some applications of aDNA in medicine and agrobiotechnology are discussed.
11

Oligonucleotides as potential therapeutic tools against hepatitis C virus

80%
Swiatkowska A., Ciesiolka J.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 1
13-33
EN
Hepatitis C virus belongs to the group of particularly dangerous and most extensively studied RNA viruses. Since no vaccine for HCV is known and post-exposure treatment of infected patients has not been yet optimal, novel therapeutic strategies are being developed very intensively. Oligonucleotide-based molecular tools such as antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, DNAzymes, aptamers and interfering RNAs are proving as effective modulators of gene expression and potential therapeutics. Several examples of oligonucleotide-based molecular tools directed towards HCV viral RNA are discussed in this review.
12

Role of RNA backbone groups for ribosomal catalysis

61%
Erlacher M. D., Polacek N.
Biotechnologia
|
2009
|
issue 1
65-80
EN
The ribosomal peptidyl transferase ribozyme resides in the large ribosomal subunit and catalyzes the two principal chemical reactions of protein synthesis, peptide bond formation and peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis. With the presentations of atomic structures of the large ribosomal subunit, the questions how an RNA active site can catalyze these chemical reactions gained a new level of molecular significance. The peptidyl transferase center represents the most intense accumulation of universally conserved ribosomal RNA nucleotides in the entire ribosome. Thus, it came as a surprise that recent findings revealed that the nucleobase identities of active site residues are actually not critical for catalysis. Instead RNA backbone groups have been identified as key player in transpeptidation and peptide release. While the ribose 2' -OH of the 23S rRNA residue A2451 plays an important role in peptidyl transfer, its contribution to peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis is only minor. On the other hand, the ribose 2'-OH of the terminal adenosine of P-site bound tRNA seems to play equally crucial roles in peptide bond formation and tRNA hydrolysis. While it seems that details of ribosome-catalyzed peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis are just emerging, our molecular insights into transpeptidation are already very advanced. It has been realized that an intricate interaction between the ribose 2'-OH groups of 23S rRNA residue A2451 and tRNA nucleotide A76 are crucial for proton shuttling that is required for efficient amide bond synthesis.
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