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1

DNA polymorphism among barley NILs of cv. Pallas, carrying genes for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei)

100%
Czembor P. C., Czembor J. H.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 2
183-187
EN
Barley powdery mildew, caused by the pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is an important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to detect DNA polymorphism among 7 Pallas near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying Mla3, Mla12, Mlk, Mlp, Mlat, Mlg and MlLa genes for resistance to B. graminis f. sp. hordei. From among 500 random 10-mer primers tested, 3 were specific for NIL P2 (Mla3), 1 for P10 (Mla12), 6 for P17 (Mlk), 46 for P19 (Mlp), 4 for P20 (Mlat), 6 for P21 (Mlg), and 4 for P23 (MlLa). The results of this study demonstrated that the RAPD technique is a useful tool for detecting DNA polymorphism among Pallas NILs.
2

Resistance genes in wild accessions of Triticeae ? inoculation test and STS marker analyses

100%
Stepien L., Holubec V., Chelkowski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
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2002
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vol. 43
|
issue 4
423-435
EN
Sequence tagged site (STS) markers have been developed recently to identify resistance genes in wheat. A number of wild relatives have been used to transfer resistance genes into wheat cultivars. Accessions of wild species of Triticeae: Aegilops longissima (4), Ae. speltoides (6), Ae. tauschii (8), Ae. umbellulata (3), Ae. ventricosa (3), Triticum spelta (2), T. timopheevi (3), T. boeoticum (4) and T. monococcum (1), 34 in total, were examined using PCR-STS markers for resistance genes against Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (Lr) and Erysiphe graminis (Pm). Additionally, a set of cv. Thatcher near-isogenic lines conferring resistance genes Lr 1, Lr 9, Lr 10, Lr 24, Lr 28, Lr 35 and Lr 37 were examined with the same procedure. Twenty-two accessions were tested using the inoculation test for resistance to Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia recondita, P. striiformis and P. graminis. The most resistant entries were those of Aegilops speltoides and Triticum timopheevi and among T. boeoticum accession #5353. Markers of all mentioned Lr resistance genes were identified in all corresponding cv. Thatcher near-isogenic lines (except Lr 35 gene marker). The following resistance gene markers were identified in wild Triticeae accessions: Lr 1 in two accessions of Ae. tauschii and one accession of Ae. umbellulata, Lr 9 in one accession of Ae. umbellulata, Lr 10 in one accession of T. spelta, Lr 28 in 11 accessions: Ae. speltoides (4), Ae. umbellulata (2), T. spelta (2) and T. timopheevi (3), Lr 37 in 3 accessions of Ae. ventricosa, Pm 1 in all 34 accessions, Pm 2 in 28 accessions, Pm 3 in all 4 accessions of T. boeoticum, 1 accession of T. spelta and 1 of T. timopheevi, and Pm 13 in 5 out of 6 accessions of Ae. speltoides. Reliability and usefulness of STS markers is discussed.
3

Karyotyping of the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) by using FISH, PRINS and computer measurements of chromosomes

100%
Kaczmarek A., Naganowska B., Wolko B.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2009
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vol. 50
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issue 2
77-82
EN
BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) clones from the genomic BAC library of the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) were used for cytogenetic mapping of mitotic metaphase chromosomes of that species by the BAC-FISH technique. Location of the clones, together with cytogenetic markers localised earlier by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridisation) and PRINS (primed in situ DNA labelling), was combined with computer-aided chromosome measurements, to construct the first idiogram of the narrow-leafed lupin. The chromosomes are meta- or submetacentric; the mean absolute chromosome lengths range from 1.9 mum to 3.8 mum, and mean relative lengths from 1.6% to 3.3%. Data concerning linkage of resistance to 2 fungal pathogens as well as assignment of the second linkage group to the appropriate chromosome are given for the first time.
4

Resistance gene analogues of Arabidopsis thaliana: recognition by structure

100%
Chelkowski J., Koczyk G.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
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vol. 44
|
issue 3
311-321
EN
Following completion of Arabidopsis thaliana sequencing projects, multiple resistance gene analogues (RGAs) have been identified. In this work a review of the current state of knowledge available in protein databases and scientific articles is presented. Putative resistance genes were identified by using BLAST searches as well as HMM fingerprints (the latter to infer existence of characteristic domains). The representation of all five classes of putative resistance genes in Col-0 ecotype was examined, along with the statistics on RGAs present on all five chromosomes of Arabidopsis thaliana.
5

Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.). XI. Cultivars grown in Poland

100%
Kowalczyk K., Hsam S. L. K., Zeller F. J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
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1998
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vol. 39
|
issue 3
225-236
EN
A collection of common wheat cultivars grown in Poland were analyzed for resistance to powdery mildew disease by using eleven differential isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici (Blumeria graminis). Among a total of 69 accessions, 48 cultivars possessed resistance which is attributed to known resistance genes present either individually or in a combination. Four cultivars were resistant to all the isolates used and another four cultivars revealed race-specific resistance which does not correspond to the response patterns of previously documented resistance. Resistance genes Pm2 and Pm6 in a combination were most widely distributed, and genes Pm3d, Pm4b, Pm5 and Pm8 were also postulated.
6

Leaf rust resistance genes of wheat: identification in cultivars and resistance sources

100%
Stepien L., Golka L., Chelkowski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
139-149
EN
Thirty-seven wheat cultivars originating from seven European countries were examined by using sequence tagged site (STS) markers for seven Lr (leaf rust = brown rust) resistance genes against the fungal pathogen of wheat Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici (Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr37). Additionally, 22 accessions with various Lr genes from two germplasm collections were tested. A Scar (sequence-characterized amplified region) marker for Lr24 and a CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker for Lr47 were also used to identify those genes in the wheat accessions. Each marker amplified one specific DNA fragment. Three Lr gene markers were identified in wheat cultivars (Lr10, Lr26 and Lr37). Another four markers (Lr9, Lr19, Lr24 and Lr47) were found in breeding lines carrying leaf rust resistance genes. The results were compared with leaf rust resistance gene postulations made in previous studies, based on multipathotype testing. Markers for Lr10, Lr26 and Lr37 may be useful in marker-assisted breeding.
7

Resistance of spring wheat cultivars and lines to leaf rust

100%
Wisniewska H., Stepien L., Kowalczyk K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
361-368
EN
Spring wheat nursery accessions, including 18 spring wheat lines derived in CIMMYT, Mexico, and 12 spring wheat cultivars bred in Poland, along with cultivars Frontana and Sumai 3 as resistant controls, were examined for resistance to leaf rust under field conditions. Multipathotype tests with 16 different pathogen isolates were performed for postulation of Lr genes in Polish cultivars. Besides, STS markers for resistance genes Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr24, Lr28, Lr37 were analysed in the studied cultivars and lines with Thatcher near-isogenic lines as positive controls. All Polish cultivars appeared to be susceptible to leaf rust. Ten of the CIMMYT nursery lines (IPG-SW: #7, 11, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 32) and cv. Frontana were resistant in the same environment and can be sources of resistance genes. Marker for the Lr10 gene was identified in 6 accessions (IPG-SW #14, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32) exhibiting resistance to leaf rust, whereas markers for Lr1 and Lr28 genes were observed in all the examined accessions. STS markers for Lr9, Lr24 and Lr37 genes were not identified in the investigated accessions.
8

Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.). X. Cultivars grown in Belarus and neighbouring countries

100%
Gordei S. I., Hsam S. L. K., Zeller F. J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1998
|
vol. 39
|
issue 1
1-8
EN
Sixty-six wheat cultivars grown in Belarus, Poland, Russia and the Ukraine were tested for mildew response to a collection of 11 different isolates of Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal. Nineteen cultivars have shown a susceptible reaction and eighteen were characterized by susceptible or intermediate responses. Fourteen cultivars revealed isolate-specific response patterns that could be attributed to major known resistance genes or gene combinations. Twelve cultivars have one documented gene: Pm5 in eight cultivars, Pm2 in two cultivars and Pm8 also in two cultivars. One cultivar has two genes (Pm2 + Pm6), while another cultivar carries a combination of three genes (Pm1 + Pm2 + Pm6). Fifteen cultivars were characterized by response patterns not documented so far or by a known resistance response combined with an undocumented resistance. Apparently three cultivars with the T1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation have a gene suppressing the Pm8 mildew resistance. One cultivar was resistant to all the used isolates. Its resistance might be conditioned by an unknown major gene or combination of genes.
9

Genetic basis of plant disease resistance

100%
Swiderski M., R., Swiderska A. K.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 3
36-44
EN
Recognition of avirulent pathogens by plants activates defense system, cell death and the general broad-spectrum resistance called systemic acquired resistance - SAR. Several components involved in signaling resistance have recently been identified. Resistance gene mediated responses have been classified according to requirement of NDR1 or EDS1 gene. This classification correlates with R-gene structure. Salicylic acid plays central role in SAR. CPR and NPR1 genes function upstream and downstream of salicylic acid, respectively. Recent studies have demonstrated importance of the cell death in SAR. Novel defence signaling pathways that are independent on salicylic acid have been characterized.
10

Structure and evolution of plant disease resistance genes

100%
Lehman P.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2002
|
vol. 43
|
issue 4
403-414
EN
This article reviews recent advances that shed light on plant disease resistance genes, beginning with a brief overview of their structure, followed by their genomic organization and evolution. Plant disease resistance genes have been exhaustively investigated in terms of their structural organization, sequence evolution and genome distribution. There are probably hundreds of NBS-LRR sequences and other types of R-gene-like sequences within a typical plant genome. Recent studies revealed positive selection and selective maintenance of variation in plant resistance and defence-related genes. Plant resistance genes are highly polymorphic and have diverse recognition specificities. R-genes occur as members of clustered gene families that have evolved through duplication and diversification. These genes appear to evolve more rapidly than other regions of the genome, and domains such as the leucine-rich repeat, are subject to adaptive selection.
11

Resistance genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and their identification with molecular markers

100%
Chelkowski J., Tyrka M., Sobkiewicz A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
291-309
EN
Current information on barley resistance genes available from scientific papers and on-line databases is summarised. The recent literature contains information on 107 major resistance genes (R genes) against fungal pathogens (excluding powdery mildew), pathogenic viruses and aphids identified in Hordeum vulgare accessions. The highest number of resistance genes was identified against Puccinia hordei, Rhynchosporium secalis, and the viruses BaYMV and BaMMV, with 17, 14 and 13 genes respectively. There is still a lot of confusion regarding symbols for R genes against powdery mildew. Among the 23 loci described to date, two regions Mla and Mlo comprise approximately 31 and 25 alleles. Over 50 R genes have already been localised and over 30 mapped on 7 barley chromosomes. Four barley R genes have been cloned recently: Mlo, Rpg1, Mla1 and Mla6, and their structures (sequences) are available. The paper presents a catalogue of barley resistance gene symbols, their chromosomal location and the list of available DNA markers useful in characterising cultivars and breeding accessions.
12

Genes for resistance to wheat powdery mildew

88%
Chen Y., Chelkowski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1999
|
vol. 40
|
issue 4
317-334
EN
Three approaches to identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat - comparison of reaction patterns based on host-pathogen interaction, chromosomal location of resistance genes by means of genetic and cytogenetic assessment, and molecular identification - are reviewed in this paper. The paper covers publications published mostly in the nineties. The derivation and current status of twenty-five Pm genes in wheat are presented. RAPD, RFLP and STS markers closely linked to some specific resistance genes, from recent reports, are listed. These can be useful to phytopathologists and breeders who are interested in the practical application of wheat powdery mildew resistance genes.
13

Enhancing the resistance of triticale by using genes from wheat and rye

75%
Tyrka M., Chelkowski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 3
283-295
EN
At present two separate nomenclature systems exist for wheat and rye. This paper provides a proposed common catalogue of wheat, rye and triticale resistance gene symbols. More than 130 postulated wheat resistance genes are listed. Over 39 rye and 6 triticale resistance (R) genes have been identified and named. Genes responsible for reaction to powdery mildew and to leaf, stem and yellow rusts are the best-represented group of resistance genes. From the common catalogue it can be concluded that there exists a potential for further transfer of rye resistance genes to wheat and triticale. Many molecular markers can be applied for marker-assisted gene transfer, but the expression of the R genes in the new genetic background of triticale remains to be investigated.
14

Molecular characterization of the genomic region harboring the BYDV-resistance gene Bdv2 in wheat

75%
Gao L., Ma Q., Liu Y., Xin Z., Zhang Z.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2009
|
vol. 50
|
issue 2
89-98
EN
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) can cause significant losses of wheat worldwide. The long arm segment of Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome 7Ai#1 carrying the BYDV resistance gene Bdv2 was translocated to the distal region of the long arm of wheat chromosome 7D in translocation line Yw642. In this study, 40 wheat EST sequences located in the distal region of 7DL were explored to identify specific PCR markers for the Bdv2 region on the basis of the homoeologous relationship between wheat chromosome 7D and Th.intermedium chromosome 7Ai#1. Our results revealed 8 novel EST-PCR markers specific to the Bdv2 region, including 5 EST-STS markers of BE404744, BE498985, BE591497, BG606695 and BQ161842, and 3 EST-SSCP markers of BE404953, BG312663 and BE498985. These EST-PCR markers could distinguish Bdv2 from another BYDV-resistance gene located on Th.intermedium chromosome 2Ai-2. These specific bands for the Bdv2 region were further cloned and sequenced. The sequencing analysis indicated that the specific sequences for the Bdv2 region were highly homologous with the original wheat EST sequences that were used to design primers, and encode respectively a protein kinase, P450, centrin, transducin, and a hypothetical protein. This study created a starting point for eventual cloning of the Bdv2 gene and understanding the defense mechanism.
15

Molecular markers for leaf rust resistance genes in wheat

75%
Chelklowski J., Stepien L.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2001
|
vol. 42
|
issue 2
117-126
EN
Over 100 genes of resistance to rust fungi: Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, (47 Lr ? leaf rust genes), P. striiformis (18 Yr ? yellow rust genes) and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (41 Sr ? stripe rust genes) have been identified in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives according to recent papers. Sixteen Lr resistance genes have been mapped using restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on wheat chromosomes. More than ten Lr genes can be identified in breeding materials by sequence tagged site (STS) specific markers. Gene Lrk 10, closely linked to gene Lr 10, has been cloned and its function recognized. Available markers are presented in this review. The STS, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) markers found in the literature should be verified using Triticum spp. with different genetic background. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers for Lr resistance genes are now also available.
16

Perspectives of biotechnology in the management of plant-parasitic nematodes

63%
Dabrowska J., Filipecki M.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 3
173-190
EN
Many laboratories worldwide are involved in the research on effective prevention and management of plant parasitic nematodes. Chemical control of these parasites is very costly and harmful to the environment, though the main strategy is to use resistance genes in breeding programs of crop plants. There is a limited number of naturally occurring resistance genes. Biotechnology can extend the usage of known resistance genes by transferring them to related and unrelated species via plant transformation. However, most promising is the development of new resistance strategies based on RNA interference or specific and inducible overexpression of nematocidal genes. Functional analysis of nematode and plant genes that are involved in induction and development of feeding structures can significantly help in engineering of new sources of resistance. Obviously, biotechnology is not the only prospective solution; however, it significantly enriches the breeders' toolbox. On the other hand, biotechnology-based pest management methods have been developed until recently, and often there are some shortcomings associated which require more research and optimization. Moreover, there is a permanent poor acceptance of genetically modified crops especially in Europe, which influences the decisions of policy makers. Nevertheless, recent genome scale experiments promise significant acceleration in the research and create a portfolio of numerous new possibilities.
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