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Voltammetric determination of some alkaloids and other compounds in pharmaceuticals and urine using an electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode

100%
Câmpean A., Tertiş M., Săndulescu R.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 4
688-700
EN
Electrochemical behaviour of some alkaloids, namely: caffeine, aminophylline, theophylline, codeine phosphate and papaverine hydrochloride, that are in solution in various combinations or in the presence of other compounds contained in pharmaceuticals or in real samples (urine) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode. [...] The proposed electroanalytical methods were successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of these alkaloids in different combination or in the presence of other compounds. The great part of these combinations can be analyzed simultaneously because they practically do not interfere. The electrochemical test methods attempted to detect the presence of alkaloids in urine samples collected from subjects who consumed coffee (caffeine), and from a patient under treatment with Miofilin® (aminophylline). Urine samples were determined after filtration, without prior dilution and after dilutiion with acetate buffer at pH 4.5. Best results were obtained using DPV performed on electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode. Thus in samples taken from subjects who drink coffee the caffeine concentration detected was 6.21×10−7 mol L−1 in the first sample and 7.77×10−7 mol L−1 in the second sample, while aminophylline concentration detected was 1.15×10−7 mol L−1.
2
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A fast determination of yohimbine in pharmaceuticals by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

100%
Vítková K., Pechová M., Petr J., Znaleziona J., Ranc V., Maier V., Ševčík J.
Open Chemistry
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 2
273-277
EN
A method for the fast determination of yohimbine, a potent adrenoreceptor antagonist used for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions, is proposed in this article. MEKC under basic and acidic conditions (sodium borate, pH 9.5 and sodium phosphate, pH 2.5) with SDS was developed. The effect of the experimental parameters, e.g. pH, SDS concentration and injection time, on yohimbine migration was also studied. Both methods were validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, and precision using caffeine as an internal standard. The application for the determination of yohimbine in hand-made medicaments is also investigated in this study. [...]
3
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TiO2-assisted photodegradation of pharmaceuticals - a review

88%
Tong A., Braund R., Warren D., Peake B.
Open Chemistry
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2012
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vol. 10
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issue 4
989-1027
EN
Pharmaceutical compounds have been detected in the environment and potentially arise from the discharge of excreted and improperly disposed medication from sewage treatment facilities. In order to minimize environmental exposure of pharmaceutical residues, a potential technique to remove pharmaceuticals from water is the use of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) involving titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. To evaluate the extent UV/TiO2 processes have been studied for pharmaceutical degradation, a literature search using the keywords ‘titanium dioxide’, ‘photocatalysis’, ‘advanced oxidation processes’, ‘pharmaceuticals’ and ‘degradation’ were used in the ISI Web of Knowledge TM, Scopus TM and ScienceDirect TM databases up to and including articles published on 23 November 2011. The degradation rates of pharmaceuticals under UV/TiO2 treatment were dependent on type and amount of TiO2 loading, pharmaceutical concentration, the presence of electron acceptors and pH. Complete mineralization under particular experimental conditions were reported for some pharmaceuticals; however, some experiments reported evolution of toxic intermediates during the photocatalytic process. It is concluded that the UV/TiO2 system is potentially a feasible wastewater treatment process, but careful consideration of the treatment time, the loading and the type of TiO2 (doped vs. undoped) used for a particular pharmaceutical is necessary for a successful application (198 words). [...]
4
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Determination of penicillin V potassium in pharmaceuticals and spiked human urine by chemiluminescence

88%
Sorouraddin M., Iranifam M., Imani-Nabiyyi A.
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EN
A simple and selective method for penicillin V potassium (PVK) determination by chemiluminescence (CL) was developed. Oxidation of PVK by alkaline hydrogen peroxide produces CL, which is greatly enhanced by N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB). Optimum conditions were established using luminometry. There is a linear relationship between the chemiluminescent peak height and the amount of PVK within the range 0.5–129.5 mg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.2 mg L−1. The coefficient of variation was 1.2% for 40 mg L−1 PVK solution (n = 7). The method is very simple, has high sensitivity and good selectivity, and is usable for process control. It was successfully utilized for the determination of PVK in pharmaceuticals and spiked human urine. [...]
5
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Analytical performance of a fast multi-element method for titanium and trace elements determination in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals by ICP-AES

88%
Zachariadis G., Sahanidou E.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
213-217
EN
A multi-element analytical method based on inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was developed for trace elements in pharmaceutical tablets and cosmetics. Titanium was also included in the analytes since it is widely used in pharmaceuticals. Critical ICP conditions, like RF incident power, argon gas flow rate and nebulizer sample uptake flow rate were optimized. The most sensitive spectral line of each analyte was selected as optimum for further study. Detection limits in the low µg g−1 range were obtained. Prior to chemical analysis, the samples were decomposed by acid digestion, using various mixtures of HCl, HNO3 and HF. Yttrium was used as a suitable internal standard in order to correct for possible matrix effects. The method was applied to the analysis of six different pharmaceutical products (anti-biotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive) in the form of tablets with film coating and also three cosmetic products like hair and face masks.
6
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Production of Natural Pectin from Locally Available Fruit Waste and Its Applications as Commercially Value-added Product in Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Food Processing Industries

75%
Demisu D. G.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2018
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vol. 20
1-11
EN
The raise in production of fruit products, such as marmalade, low-caloric foods, juice, frozen foods, jellies and jams, has led to the generation of large volume of fruit wastes as a by-product. These agro-industrial wastes cause serious environmental pollution, and hence, there is an urgent need for their recycling and appropriate utilization via extraction and production of biologically and chemically functional ingredients (i.e. pectin). This review work demonstrates the importance of pectin molecule, its chemical compositions and general biochemical properties, its gelation techniques or mechanisms and its applications as functional and value-added ingredients in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food processing industries. Normally, pectin exists in the cell wall of plant cell or fruit cell possessing biopolymer or polysaccharide structures. This by-product has received increasing recognition in modern processing industries and can also be obtained from fruit wastes preponderantly through extraction process. Several factors, such as Degree of esterification, Molecular size, Temperature, Presence of other solutes (i.e. sugar), Charge density on the molecule, and pH values strongly affect the nature of gel formation entire the pectin molecule. Therefore, suitable and effective extraction mechanisms have to be employed to produce this valuable product (i.e. pectin) from locally available fruit wastes.
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QuEChERS and soil analysis. An Overview.

75%
Vera J., Correia-Sá L., Paíga P., Bragança I., Fernandes V. C., Domingues V. F., Delerue-Matos C.
Sample Preparation
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2013
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vol. 1
54-77
EN
This paper reviews the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) methods used for the analysis of several pollutants in soil. The recent advances made with this method are discussed.The analysis of pesticide residues and other analytes in soil requires the extraction of analytes from this matrix. Following extraction, a clean-up procedure may be performed, if necessary, prior to instrumental analysis. This review considers all aspects of sample preparation, including extraction and cleanup. Several parameters are discussed in extraction optimization namely: soil type and sample amount, hydration, solvent of extraction QuEChERS content, extraction time and agglomeration prevention. In addition, method performance characteristics in soil studies are critically discussed.
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