The paper presents the possibilities of using some microorganisms as a potential source of biologically active polyenoic fatty acids. The reasons for using microorganisms for this purpose are among others, high yield, invariability of oil composition, independence from traditional agricultural conditions, efficient processing of cheap agro-food substrates and predisposition of microorganisms to biotransformations enabling tailoring of lipids. The following issues were discussed in particular: the methods suitable for the synthesis of specific fatty acids, oils of predicted composition, induced mutagenesis, genetic engineering of microorganisms, addition of inhibitors or activators of fatty acid biosynthesis to the growth medium, enzymatic modification of the oils, and production conditions ie recovery and processing of microbial oils.
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