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1

Immunomodulation of pain

100%
Kostarczyk E.
|
EN
Review of the interacting elements of nociceptive, neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems with a stress on sympathetic innervation of the lymphoid organs. Special attention is given to dysfunctions within the nociceptive, neuroendocrine and immune systems due to: damage to the:1) afferent fibers; 2) sympatho-adrenal system; 3) structures of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. The role of peripheral immunocytes in the generation of pain, including local cytokines, opioids and CRF is also discussed.
2
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Spinal effects of the calmodulin inhibitor calmidazolium on dorsal horn neurons in the rat

88%
Menendez L., Baamonde A., Hidalgo A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1999
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vol. 59
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issue 1
31-35
EN
Drugs able to inhibit calmodulin activation can prevent some consequences of the rise in intracellular calcium. It has recently been shown that intrathecal injection of calmodulin inhibitors induce analgesia in rats. We study here the effect induced by the calmodulin inhibitor, calmidazolium, on the activity of dorsal horn neurons driven by noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Extracellular recordings of convergent (n = 12), low-threshold mechanoreceptive (n = 5) and proprioceptive (n = 5) units were made in the presence of calmidazolium. Calmidazolium (600 mg) reduced the noxious (50oC) heat-evoked responses obtained in convergent neurons. On the contrary, the non-noxious tactile responses obtained in low-threshold mechanoreceptive neurons as well as the joint movement-evoked responses obtained in proprioceptive units remained unmodified. We conclude that calmidazolium can block nociceptive processing in the spinal cord and that this fact can help to explain the analgesic effects that intrathecal W-7 and calmidazolium induce in behavioral tests.
3

Long-lasting effects of social stress on peritoneal inflammation in some strains of mice

75%
Scislowska-Czarnecka A., Chadzinska M., Pierzchala-Koziec K., Plytycz B.
Folia Biologica
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2004
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vol. 52
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issue 1-2
97-104
EN
Adult male mice were kept for one week either one or four animals per cage. Some were maintained under the same social conditions for an additional 9 days (controls); their counterparts were either grouped (4 per cage) or isolated (1 per cage). Changes in housing conditions caused a significant increase of plasma corticosterone measured 30 minutes after separation or grouping of SWISS, C57C3H, and BALB/c but not of C57BL/6 mice. Peritoneal inflammation was induced by i.p. zymosan injection on day 9 after changes in housing conditions when corticosterone was again at its initial level in each group. Peritonitis-connected pain symptoms, exudatory PMN numbers, and cytokine (IL-1_ and MPC-1) and corticosterone levels were compared between animals living in stable social conditions with those shifted 9 days earlier from separation to the group or vice versa. These factors were unaffected by social stress in C57BL/6 mice and in SWISS animals transferred from the group to isolation. In all other instances at least two parameters were significantly different in the post-stressed and control animals, being either enhanced or inhibited. In conclusion, social stress had long-term consequences on the course of inflammation in three out of four investigated strains of mice.
4
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Affective percept and voluntary action: A hypothesis

63%
Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 2
99-110
EN
. I present a hypothesis concerning the neuronal, mental and behavioral effects of all kinds of affective (emotional) stimuli, i.e., of unpleasant and pleasant stimuli. I use the term stimulus in its broad sense. Affective stimuli evoke two associated percepts: ?cognitive? and ?affective?. A food in the mouth, for example, evokes the gustatory percept and the percept of pleasure. However, affective percepts are unstable parts of cognitive-affective compounds. Five types of affective percepts are pain, fear, pleasure, ?desire? and appetite in the broad sense of these words. Desire is evoked by inadequate pleasant stimuli. Affective percepts are ?lower? or ?higher?. The latter are not directly associated with bodily needs. Esthetic and social percepts are higher, for example. Although pain and pleasure are essentially innate, they can be modified by sensory experience. Alimentary and esthetic preferences and social values are modifiable, for example. The neurons of pain and fear and of the unpleasant components of desire and appetite motivate four types of voluntary actions. These are, respectively, escape, avoidance, ?optimization? and approach actions. All these actions eliminate the motivating displeasure. In addition, avoidance actions protect from the signaled pain, optimization actions increase the existing pleasure and approach actions provide the signaled pleasure. Thus, voluntary actions associated with different percepts occur according to one universal principle. Voluntary actions are ?internal? and behavioral. During internal actions a goal and then an action plan are decided. These actions often provide the images of the goal stimuli and of particular movements.
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