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1

Molecular aspects of muscle development

100%
Cieslak D.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 1
59-66
EN
An exceptional muscle development in some meat-producing animals is due to the increase in the number of muscle fibers (hyperplasia) or increase in their individual diameter (hypertrophy). The genetic mechanism of the former is well known. It results from mutation in the myostatin gene. The determination of muscular hypertrophy is poorly understood. In pigs this phenomenon is associated with muscular hypermetabolism and contraction induced by stress. Muscle development is controlled by genes called muscular regulatory factors. Four genes belong to this family: myogenin, myf-3, myf-5 and MRF4. While myf-3 and myf-5 are responsible for establishment and maintenance of skeletal myoblasts, myogenin and MRF4 control differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. Their activity is influenced by other genes and physiological factors. Understanding of the mechanisms involved in myogenesis would provide a useful tool for controlling meat production in farm animals.
2

The origin of syncytial muscle fibres in the myotomes of Xenopus laevis ? a revision

100%
Kielbowna L., Daczewska M.
Folia Biologica
|
2005
|
vol. 53
|
issue 1-2
39-44
EN
During the early stages of myogenesis in X. laevis, the primary myoblasts (of mesodermal origin) differentiate simultaneously, in each myotome, into mononucleate myotubes. At later stages mesenchymal cells appear in intermyotomal fissures and then in the myotomes between myotubes and contribute to the formation of syncytial muscle fibres. The pathway of mesenchymals cell during myogenesis was described in X. laevis by monitoring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. 3H-thymidine was incorporated in the nuclei of mesenchymal cells in intermyotomal fissures of younger myotomes and then in those of older myotomes between the myotubes revealing the proliferation of mesenchymal cells. As expected, nuclei of differentiating mononucleate myotubes did not incorporate 3H-thymidine. At later stages of myogenesis the myotubes were found to contain two classes of nuclei: large nuclei of the primary myoblasts (of myotomal origin) and smaller nuclei originating from secondary myoblasts of mesenchymal origin. TEM and autoradiographic analyses confirm that mulinucleate myotubes in X. laevis arise through fusion of secondary myoblasts with mononucleate myotubes.
3

VariousDNAcontent in myotube nuclei during myotomal myogenesis in Hymenochirus boettgeri (Anura: Pipidae)

100%
Daczewska M., Saczko J.
Folia Biologica
|
2003
|
vol. 51
|
issue 3-4
151-157
EN
During myotomal myogenesis in Hymenochirus boettgeri primary myoblasts differentiate into morphologically and functionally mature, mononucleate myotubes. Further muscle development in the studied species is due to fusion of mesenchymal cells with the latter, resulting in the presence of two classes of nuclei in the myotube: large of myotomal origin and small of mesenchymal origin. Densitometric measurements of DNA content revealed that the myotube nuclei at stages 35 reached values close to 4C DNA (3, 3C DNA), while at a later stage (42) the values were equal to 4C. Conversely, the secondary myoblast nuclei following the fusion with the myotube at stage 42 had 2C DNA ? a content comparable to that found in erythrocyte nuclei. PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) ? marker of S-phase of cell cycle, detected in the myotube nuclei (at stages 35, 42) appears during DNA replication.
4

New SNPs in the coding and 5' flanking regions of porcine MYOD1 (MYF3) and MYF5 genes

100%
Urbanski P., Kuryl J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 3
325-329
EN
Myogenic factor 3 (myf - 3) and myogenic factor 5 (myf - 5) are the products of genes: MYOD1 (MYF3) and MYF5, respectively, which belong to the MyoD family. These transcription factors control the processes of myogenesis. The fragments of both the genes comprising exons and promoters were amplified and sequenced. In the 5'UTR region of gene MYOD1, the G302A transition was identified and it is not recognized by any restriction endonuclease. In the promoter region of gene MYF5 we identified three mutations at positions: A65C (PCR-RFLP/AciI); C580T (PCR-RFLP/FokI) and C613T (PCR-RFLP/HinPI). Mutations C580T and C613T were characteristic for Pietrain ? (Polish Large White ? Polish Landrace) crossbred pigs named Torhyb. The C2931T transition, which is not recognized by any restriction enzyme, was identified in exon 3 of gene MYF5. This mutation results in a change of the amino acid sequence (Leu?Pro). The frequency of particular genotypes at the MYOD1 and MYF5 loci proved to be dependent on pig breed. However, Duroc pigs were monomorphic at all the SNPs presented in this study. These SNPs might be analyzed in a further study as probably influencing carcass meatiness.
5

Myotomal myogenesis in Triturus vulgaris L. (Urodela) with special reference to the role of mesenchymal cells

100%
Daczewska M., Kielbowna L.
Folia Biologica
|
2000
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1-2
37-42
EN
Two stages can be distinguished in the differentiation of myotomal muscle fibres in Triturus vulgaris. In the first stage only synchronously differentiating myotomal cells are engaged; in the second stage mesenchymal cells also take part in the process. Myotomal cells (primary myoblasts) fuse to form 2-3 nucleate myotubes. Only in the caudal part of the embryo mononucleate myotubes persist. The mononucleate myotubes, like polynucleate ones, occupy the whole length of the myotome. The differentiation of myotubes is accompanied by vitellolysis. At further development stages mesenchymal cells enter the intermyotomal fissure, after which they migrate to the myotomes, between the myotubes. The cells that remain in the intermyotomal fissures retain their fibroblastic potential (they synthesise collagen). Their daughter cells adjoining the myotubes acquire myogenic abilities. Their myoblastic potential is evidenced by their ability to fuse with the myotube. Fusion of secondary myoblasts (of mesenchymal origin) with the myotube results in further growth of the myotubes. In T. vulgaris myotomal myotubes and muscle fibres developing from them are of myotomal-mesenchymal origin.
6

Myotomal myogenesis of axial muscle in the sturgeon Acipenser baeri (Chondrostei, Acipenseriformes)

100%
Daczewska M., Saczko J.
Folia Biologica
|
2005
|
vol. 53
|
issue 1-2
29-38
EN
Compared to teleost fishes, a unique character of the myogenesis of the plesiomorphic A. baeri is the fusion of myoblasts derived from the somite, leading to the formation of multinucleate muscle lamellae. Then, the lamellae are converted into cylindrical muscle fibres. The mechanism of transformation of lamellae into fibres is still debatable. Early embryonic muscle growth is mainly due to the hypertrophy of somite-cell derived stock. After hatching, hypertrophic growth occurs parallel to hyperplastic growth. Proliferatively active mesenchymal cells, which migrate from the intermyotomal space into the myotomes, participate in both processes.
7

Polymorphisms in coding and regulatory regions of the porcine MYF6 and MYOG genes and expression of the MYF6 gene in m. longissimus dorsi versus productive traits in pigs

88%
Wyszynska-Koko J., Pierzchala M., Flisikowski K., Kamyczek M., Rozycki M., Kuryl J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2006
|
vol. 47
|
issue 2
131-138
EN
MYOG and MYF6 belong to the MyoD gene family. They code for the bHLH transcription factors playing a key role in later stages of myogenesis: differentiation and maturation of myotubes. Three SNPs in porcine MYF6 and two in porcine MYOG were analysed in order to establish associations with chosen carcass quality and growth rate traits in Polish Landrace, Polish Large White and line 990 sows. No statistically significant effect of SNP in the promoter region of the MYF6 gene on its expression measured on mRNA level was found. Associations between the genotype at the MYF6 locus and carcass quality traits appeared to be breed-dependent. The C allele in the case of SNP in the promoter region and GC haplotype in exon 1 were advantageous for right carcass side weight in Polish Landrace sows and disadvantageous for this trait in Polish Large White sows. These gene variants were also the most advantageous for loin and ham weight in sows of line 990. The mutation in exon 1 of the MYOG gene had no statistically significant association with carcass quality traits and the mutation in the 3'-flanking region had the breed-dependent effect as well. These results suggest that SNPs analysed in this study are not causative mutations, but can be considered as markers of some other, still unrevealed genetic polymorphism that influences the physiological processes and phenotypic traits considered in this study.
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