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1

Activation of Salmonella-specific immune responses in the intestinal mucosa

100%

Srinivasan A., McSorley S. J.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2006

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vol. 54

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issue 1

25-31

EN

The mammalian immune response to Salmonella has long been a subject of scientific study. Indeed, many of the general aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and host immune defense have been well described. However, a lack of clarity remains concerning important aspects of the host immune response to Salmonella, particularly with regard to the induction of an immune response in the intestinal mucosa. A major limitation has been the general lack of knowledge about specific antigenic targets that are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune response in the intestine. Progress towards the identification of these targets is critical for the development of a detailed model of immunity to Salmonella and will lead to a better understanding of mucosal immune responses to other intracellular pathogens.

2

Regulation of immunological mucosal tolerance

100%

Kraal G., Wolvers D. A. W.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2001

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vol. 49

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issue 1 suppl.

1-6

EN

Mucosal tolerance is an immunological phenomenon specific to mucosal surfaces as found in the lungs and gastro-intestinal tract. It results in the suppression of immune responses to inhaled or ingested antigens and prevents the body from unwan-ted and unnecessary immuno-logical responses to harmless molecules, such as grass-pollen or food constituents. This imposes the difficult task for the immune system of keeping a balance between reacting and non-reacting, and disturbances of this balance result in allergies and possibly autoimmunity, as well as opportunistic infections and even an escape from tumor surveillance. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie mucosal tolerance is, therefore, important from different viewpoints. Maintenance or (re)induction of mu-cosal tolerance to, e.g., food proteins, airborne allergens or autoantigens is desirable to prevent or cure allergies and autoimmune diseases. However, induction of mucosal tolerance is an unwanted phenomenon in mucosal vaccination and in the case of mucosal tumors.

3

Potential immunological functions of salivary Hsp70 in mucosal and periodontal defense mechanisms

88%

Fabian T. K., Fejerdy P., Nguyen M. T., Soti C., Csermely P.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2007

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vol. 55

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issue 2

91-98

EN

Molecular chaperones were considered to be intracellular, but there is increasing evidence demonstrating their cytoprotective and immune modulator properties outside the cell. The major extracellular chaperone (Hsp70) was also found in saliva, indicating a possible effect of Hsp70 on mucosal surfaces. Here we summarize the immune-modulatory role of the 70-kDa stress protein family, with special attention on the potential impact of salivary Hsp70 on oral defense mechanisms. There are three major facets of Hsp70-induced immune activation: 1) the appearance of Hsp70 on the surface of certain tumor cells or virally infected cells, leading to their phagocytosis and subsequent lysis; 2) the role of extracellular uncomplexed Hsp70 as a danger signal, leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes and of nitric oxide from macrophages as well as to complement activation; 3) receptor-mediated uptake of peptide-loaded Hsp70 to antigen-presenting cells and cross-presentation of the Hsp70-peptide complex as an antigen to cytotoxic T cells and natural killer lymphocytes. The immune-activating effect of salivary Hsp70 may also be highly important in oral defense, especially in areas where molecular and cellular participants of the immune response appear on the surface of the oral cavity (i.e. several lesions of the mucosa and the periodontal tissues).

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3 Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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1 Csermely P.

1 Fabian T. K.

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1 Nguyen M. T.

1 Soti C.

1 Srinivasan A.

1 Wolvers D. A. W.

Activation of Salmonella-specific immune responses in the intestinal mucosa

Regulation of immunological mucosal tolerance

Potential immunological functions of salivary Hsp70 in mucosal and periodontal defense mechanisms