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1
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Apparatus for studying behavior and learning in restrained rats

100%
Soltysik S., Jackson R., Jelen P.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 3
697-701
EN
A new treadmill/stand apparatus for a rat is described.It will be usefull in behavioral experiments when control of the animal's position in the training chamber is required while considerable freedom of movement, including locomotion, is desired.The position and distance relative to sources of stimuli are thus kept constant.The speed and the distance of ambulation are easily monitored.The rats are sufficiently restrained to enable easy recording of various measures such as EKG, EMG or EEG, etc.Classical and instrumental conditioning procedures are easily implemented.An example of the data from acquisition training during Pavlovian conditioning is shown.
2
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Sequential P3 effects in a Posner's spatial cueing paradigm: Trial-by-trial learning of the predictive value of the cue

80%
Gomez C. M., Flores A., Digiacomo M. R., Vazquez-Marrufo M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2009
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vol. 69
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issue 2
155-167
EN
The neurocognitive consequences of correct or incorrect spatial prediction in a sequential S1-S2 paradigm were assessed. Sequential dependence on previous trial outcome (valid or invalid) was assessed by late Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and behavioral responses. Two different experiments were performed, situating the target in the vertical (Experiment 1) or in the horizontal (Experiment 2) meridian. RTs and late positivities (P3a and P3b) were recorded. ERPs showed that posterior positivity (probably a P3b) was greater in invalid-valid trials than in valid-valid trials but lower than in valid-invalid trials. However, at the frontal electrodes, late positivity (probably a P3a) only appeared in valid-invalid trials, indicating that invalid trials are analyzed as novel-like stimuli. The P3b results suggest trial-by-trial learning of the predictive value of the cue, which needs to be updated as indicated by the pattern of P3b amplitudes: valid-invalid > invalid-valid > valid-valid.
3
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Dopamine, learning, and reward-seeking behavior

80%
Arias-Carrion O., Poeppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 67
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issue 4
481-488
EN
Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain are the main source of dopamine (DA) in the brain. DA has been shown to be involved in the control of movements, the signaling of error in prediction of reward, motivation, and cognition. Cerebral DA depletion is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Other pathological states have also been associated with DA dysfunction, such as schizophrenia, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, as well as drug abuse. DA is closely associated with reward-seeking behaviors, such as approach, consumption, and addiction. Recent researches suggest that the firing of DA neurons is a motivational substance as a consequence of reward-anticipation. This hypothesis is based on the evidence that, when a reward is greater than expected, the firing of certain DA neurons increases, which consequently increases desire or motivation towards the reward.
4
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Mice can learn roughness discrimination with vibrissae in a jump stand apparatus

80%
Cybulska-Klosowicz A., Kossut M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2001
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vol. 61
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issue 1
73-76
EN
An adaptation of roughness dicrimination task successfully used on rats was performed on mice. It was found that mice can master discrimination of rough surfaces using only mystacial vibrissae. This task can be used for studying sensory abilities of genetically modified mice as well as dynamics and pharmacology of complex sensory learning.
5
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Learning performance at different time periods after hypoxia in infant rats

80%
Dikova M., Reempts J. V., Wouters L., Clincke G., Borgers M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 3
467-471
EN
Infant rats were exposed to hypoxia.At different time periods after the hypoxic agression the animals were subjected to a one-way active avoidance task consisting of 3 daily training sessions. Learning performance of hypoxic rats, expressed as the number of avoidances per 10 trials, was significantly decreased in all the sessions at posthypoxic day 35. The rate to which learning behaviour was affected by hypoxia was comparable among all 3 sessions in both groups. Histological evaluation of hippocampus and cortex at day 7 and day 35 after hypoxic exposure, did not reveal detectable structural changes. It can be concluded from this study that hypoxia, induced in 21 day old rats leads to learning performance deficits in the adult animal.
6
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Jerzy Konorski on brain associations

80%
Zielinski K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 66
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issue 1
75-90
EN
Jerzy Konorski (1903?1973) exerted a vital influence on the development of physiological psychology and neurobiology. Konorski and his friend and collaborator, Stefan Miller, distinguished instrumental conditioned reflexes as a separate type of acquired behavior, different from classical (Pavlovian) conditioned reflexes. In a series of pioneering studies Konorski demonstrated basic differences between the two types of conditioned reflexes. After the Second World War, he reinterpreted the results of research on conditioned reflexes on the basis of the mechanisms of Sherringtonian neurophysiology and introduced the term plasticity of the nervous system. His work, 'Conditioned reflexes and neuron organization', published in 1948, signaled Konorski's place as one of the founders of contemporary neuroscience. He contributed significantly to the understanding of complex interactions of various classes of behaviors: innate and acquired, those driven by opposite motivations, and those elicited by cues signaling different contingencies. In his book ' 'Integrative activity of the brain' (1967), Konorski analyzed the brain as a complex system directing the functioning of the organism as a whole.
7
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Optimization of repetition spacing in the practice of learning

80%
Wozniak P. A., Gorzelanczyk E. J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1994
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vol. 54
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issue 1
59-62
8
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Effect of sound source position on learning and performance of auditory delayed matching-to-sample task in dogs

80%
Kusmierek P., Kowalska D. M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 4
251-262
EN
Spatial adjacency of stimulus source and response site has been proven important for learning of simple behavioural tasks, including auditory quality and location discrimination. We investigated effect of sound source position (adjacent or not adjacent to manipulanda) on learning and performance of a complex auditory recognition memory task. Spatial adjacency of stimuli and manipulanda improved learning of a simple auditory directional task, which was an intermediate stage of training. In contrast, no improvement of learning and performance of the recognition task was found.
9
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Melatonin attenuates radiation-induced learning deficit and brain oxidative stress in mice

71%
Manda K., Anzai K., Kumari S., Bhatia A. L.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 67
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issue 1
63-70
EN
Oxidative stress has been implicated in cognitive impairment in both experimental animals and humans. This implication has led to the notion that antioxidant defence mechanisms in the brain are not sufficient to prevent oxidative damage, and that dietary intake of a variety of antioxidants might be beneficial for preserving brain function. The present study, therefore, aimed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against radiation-induced impairment in the learning ability of mice. Twenty days oral administration of melatonin (0.1 mg/kg b.w.), followed by an acute exposure to gamma-radiation (6 Gy), inhibited the radiation-induced decline in learning ability. Biochemical estimation of brain protein carbonyls, malondialdehide (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in these mice indicated that radiation-induced augmentation of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation had been significantly ameliorated in melatonin treated, irradiated mice. Radiation-induced deficit of glutathione was also normalized by melatonin administration, as there was no statistical difference from normal at P<0.001. Results indicate the antioxidative as well as neuroprotective properties of melatonin against the radiation. These findings support results showing melatonin as a free radical scavenger.
10
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The volitional nature of the simplest reflex

71%
Wolpaw J. R., Carp J. S.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 1
103-111
EN
Recent studies suggest that none of the behaviors of the vertebrate CNS are fixed responses incapable of change. Even the simplest reflex of all, the two-neuron, monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex (SSR), undergoes adaptive change under appropriate circumstances. Operantly conditioned SSR change occurs gradually over days and weeks and is associated with a complex pattern of CNS plasticity at both spinal and supraspinal sites.
11

Psychotropic effects of angiotensin II N-terminal fragments in rats

71%
Holy Z., Braszko J., Wisniewski K.
Polish Journal of Pharmacology
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1993
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vol. 45
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issue 1
31-41
EN
In this study the effects of angiotensin (AII) angiotensin II hexapeptide [AII(1-6)] and angiotensin II pentapeptide [AII(2-6)] on the motility, stereotypy, learning of conditioned avoidance responses (CARs) and recall of a passive behavior making it possible to avoid averisve stimulation in rats, were compared. All the peptides were injected into the lateral cerebral ventrice (icv) in a dose of 1nmol. AII caused a statistically significant increase in the number of crossings, rearings, and bar approaches in an open field whereas [AII(1-6)] and [AII(2-6)] were inactive in this test. The stereotypic behavior induced by an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of apomorphine (1mg/kg) and amphetamine (7,5 mg/kg) was statistically significantly enhanced only in the rats wihich received AII icv. The application of AII, but not that of [AII(1-6)] and [AII(2-6)] resulted in a quicker acquisition of the CARs. A better recall of passive avoidance was achieved only by AII, while the fragments [AII(1-6)] and [AII(2-6)] had no effect. These findings indicate that the 1-6 and 2-6 fragments of AII do not possess a psychotropic activity like that of the parent ictapeptide.
12
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Selection for body weight induces differences in exploratory behavior and learning in mice

71%
Wirth-Dzieciolowska E., Lipska A., Wesierska M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 65
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issue 3
243-253
EN
Mice that were selected for over 108 generations for body weight at the postnatal (PN) day 21 were examined in the open field (OF) test and in the Lashley maze (LM) for their exploratory behavior and spatial learning. Light (L), heavy (C) and control (K) lines of mice in three age groups: PN-21, PN-56 and PN-90, were tested once in the OF and three times in the LM. During the session in the OF the L mice displayed a steady increase of behavioral activity (sum of locomotion and rearing, climbing, sniffing, and grooming acts), whereas mice C and K habituated in the last stage. During entire session in the OF activity of the L mice was lower than that of the C and K mice. The L mice displayed high defecation/urination scores. In the learning task the L mice performed worse than the C and K mice. In conclusion, behavior of the L line was different from that of the two other lines: they showed higher anxiety and poorer spatial learning.
13
Content available remote

Effects of intra-hippocampal D-AP5 injections on one trial passive avoidance learning in adult laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

71%
Krause T. E., Naguib M., Petow S.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 68
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issue 4
494-501
EN
Domestic chickens are an established model organism for studies on learning and memory. Commonly, the chicks are used as subjects in several different learning tests, including one trial learning tests. However, for adult laying hens no such one trial learning tests have been established. In particular, there is no test established which focuses on the role of the hippocampus, a brain region, which is often critically involved in learning and memory consolidation. In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects of intra-hippocampal D-AP5 injections on a specific one trial passive avoidance learning test in adult laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). We used a step down avoidance learning paradigm (SDA) which is frequently used in rodents. Intra-hippocampal injections of D-AP5 impaired the learning abilities of adult laying hens compared to sham-injected control subjects. Thus, the experiments revealed that the hippocampus is critically involved in learning the inhibitory SDA task. Our results further indicate that the step down avoidance paradigm is suitable to examine learning and memory processes in adult laying hens.
14
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Senescence and learning in honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers

71%
Tofilski A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2000
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vol. 60
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issue 1
35-39
EN
Foraging by honeybee workers was investigated from the moment of the first foraging flight until death. To minimise the influence of factors other than senescence the foragers were trained to collect food from an artificial flower close to their hive. During each foraging trip the workers repeatedly visited an artificial flower, collecting one microlitre of 50% sugar solution per visit. During the first 50 flights the mean time taken to collect one portion of food decreased significantly and the number of visits to the artificial flower per flight increased significantly. During flights following the 50th flight, the mean time taken to collect one portion of food increased significantly and the number of visits to the artificial flower per flight decreased significantly. The results confirm earlier observations that the foraging behaviour of honeybee workers is not only influenced by learning, but also by the effects of senescence.
15
Content available remote

St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) counteracts deleterious effects of the chronic restraint stress on recall in rats

61%
Trofimiuk E., Walesiuk A., Braszko J. J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 66
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issue 2
129-138
EN
This study aimed at verifying a hypothesis that St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) alleviates stress-induced memory impairments. Administration of Hypericum perforatum (350 mg kg-1 daily for 21 days) significantly enhanced recall of passive avoidance behavior (PAB), but had no effect on the acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses (CARs). Rats stressed chronically (2 h daily for 21 days) displayed diminished recall of the PAB and this effect was abolished by St John's wort. Chronic administration of the ?equivalent' to the stress dose of exogenous corticosterone (5 mg kg-1 daily for 21 days) also impaired recall of PAB, and this effect was also reversed by Hypericum perforatum. None of our treatments produced significant motor coordination impairments as tested in a ?chimney' test. It appears that H. perforatum prevents stress-induced deterioration of memory in rats.
16
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Two components of long-term memory

61%
Wozniak P. A., Gorzelanczyk E. J., Murakowski J. A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1995
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vol. 55
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issue 4
301-305
17
Content available remote

The participation of nitric oxide in the facilitator effect of arginine vasopressin on memory

61%
Jachimowicz A., Holy Z., Wisniewski K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1998
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vol. 58
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issue 1
37-45
EN
In this study we tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO), which function as a novel type of inter-cellular messenger in the central nervous system (CNS) participated in the facilitator effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on learning and memory. Recent investigations have provided evidences that inhibition of NO synthesis attenuated the vasodilatation caused by AVP, and inhibited the improvement of learning and memory evoked by angiotensin II. AVP as well as pharmacologically produced increase in endogenous NO facilitates the consolidation of shock avoidance learning. We evaluated the behavioural effects of AVP at dose 1 mug after the inhibition of NOS by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at dose 10 mug, and after the injection of endogenous donor of NO -L-argnine- 10 mug in the retrieval of passive avoidance situation, and in consolidation of active avoidance responses. The locomotor activity of all investigated drugs was tested in the open field test. AVP facilitated the recall of passive avoidance responses and consolidation of active avoidance responses. Neither the increase of NO concentration after the injection of L-arginine nor the decrease of NO after the inhibition of NOS by L-NAME changed the behavioural effects of AVP. L-arginine increased the psychomotor behaviour and L-NAME decreased the activity of animals in the 'open field' test. L-arginine itself improved the consolidation of active avoidance responses. Our results indicate that central action of AVP is probably independent of NO concentration in the brain.
18
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Inducing gene expression in barrel cortex - focus on immediate early genes

61%
Filipkowski R. K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2000
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vol. 60
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issue 3
411-418
EN
Using only their vibrissae, rats and mice are able to recognize and differentiate surfaces not distinguishable by primates using their fingertips. It has been shown that sensory stimulation elicits the expression of immediate-early genes (IEG), e.g., c-fos and zif268, in the sensory cortex of rats and mice. Though most of these findings come from visual system, mice and rats rely more on their vibrissal system which also offers many advantages for designing precise and precisely controlled experiments. In this review, new models for the selective and simple stimulation of vibrissae are presented and discussed. The data demonstrating IEG expression in the vibrissal system is also reviewed.
19
Content available remote

Limits of learning enhancements with nicotine in old male rats

61%
Taylor G. T., Bassi C., Weiss J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 65
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issue 2
125-136
EN
Findings with young adult humans and animal models suggest that nicotine may serve both neuroprotective and cognition enhancing roles in old animals. A pair of experiments was conducted to examine drug-induced modification of the cholinergic nicotinic receptor subtype on rates of learning by young and aged rats. In experiment 1 males (4-7 months or 20-25 months old) were administered nicotine (0.0, 0.3 or 0.7 mg/ kg bwt SC injected daily) and tested in both a T-maze non-spatial discrimination paradigm and a hole board spatial task. Nicotine failed to improve acquisition by young animals on either task. Nicotine also failed to improve non-spatial learning by old animals. However, both dosages of nicotine improved performance by the old males in the spatial paradigm. In experiment 2, a 5-choice serial discrimination paradigm designed to better evaluate visual attention and spatial working memory in aging was used. Groups of old male rats were administered nicotine or mecamylamine (2 or 8mg/ kg), an antagonist of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Results were that the 0.3mg nicotine group learned the task fastest and achieved the highest learning asymptote. Both learning rates and final levels of performance were worst in the 8mg mecamylamine group. However, the 2mg mecamylamine rats were the equals of the control group and both reached a higher asymptote than the 0.7mg nicotine group. These data suggest that healthy old animals can accrue benefits from nicotinic activation but that the benefits are complex, being limited to certain dosages and to specific cognitive skills.
20

The effect of angiotensin II and its fragments on post-alcohol impairment of learning and memory

61%
Wisniewski K., Borawska M., Car H.
Polish Journal of Pharmacology
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1993
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vol. 45
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issue 1
23-29
EN
Angiotensin II (1-8) (A II) and its fragments: angiotensin III (2-8) (A III), angiotensin IV (3-8) (A IV), angiotensin V (4-8) (A V) and angiotensin VI (3-7) (A VI) accelerate acquisition of avoidance response and prolong their extinction. A II fragments are devoid classical A II activities such as the effects on blood pressure and thirst. Alcohol administered chronically (for 9 weeks) depresses the ability to retrieve and acquire avoidance responses. The investigated A II fragments counteract the post-alcohol impairment of learning and memory processes (A V being somewhat less active). Fragments A IV and A VI normalize the retrieval in offspring of mothers exposed to alcohol pre- and post-natally.
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