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1

Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide

100%
Bucki R., Leszczynska K., Namiot A., Sokolowski W.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
15-25
EN
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is the only known member of the cathelicidin family of peptides expressed in humans. LL-37 is a multifunctional host defense molecule essential for normal immune responses to infection and tissue injury. LL-37 peptide is a potent killer of different microorganisms with the ability to prevent immunostimulatory effects of bacterial wall molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and can therefore protect against lethal endotoxemia. Additional reported activities of LL-37 include chemoattractant function, inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis, and stimulation of angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cytokine release (e.g. IL-8). Cellular production of LL-37 is affected by multiple factors, including bacterial products, host cytokines, availability of oxygen, and sun exposure through the activation of CAP-18 gene expression by vitamin D3. At infection sites, the function of LL-37 can be inhibited by charge-driven interactions with DNA and F-actin released from dead neutrophils and other cells lysed as the result of inflammation. A better understanding of LL-37's biological properties is necessary for its possible therapeutic application for immunomodulatory purposes as well as in treating bacterial infection.
2

The immunology of Chlamydia trachomatis

100%
Zdrodowska-Stefanow B., Ostaszewska-Puchalska I., Puci?o K.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2003
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vol. 51
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issue 5
289-294
EN
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. tachomatis) is one of the most common sexually transmitted bacterial agents. What distinguishes it from other organisms is its intracellular reproductive cycle. Up to now, four antigens have been identified in the Chlamydia genus: genus-specific antigen as well as species-specific, type-specific and subspecies-specific. C. trachomatis is a powerful immunogen which stimulates the host?s immunological processes. The intracellular parasitism of the bacteria is the basis for both symptomatic or asymptomatic infection as well as for chronic ones. The primary infection leads to a local inflammatory reaction due to penetration and reproduction of the bacteria in the epithelial cells and to IgA secretory antibody production. In most cases the host?s reaction to the primary infection is transient and does not cause tissue damage. In the course of chronic infection or reinfection, the most important processes are those of delayed hypersensitivity, which lead to a fast and intense immunological reaction of specifically sensitized Th1 lymphocytes. This reaction leads to progressive damage of the epithelial cells and to cicatrization and fibrosis, which means irreversible complications. Interferon gamma is of special importance in the process of C. trachomatis infection. High concentrations of it inhibit the bacteria's reproductive cycle, while lower concentrations promote the development of atypical, non-contagious forms of Chlamydia of diminished metabolic activity and altered antigenicity. The chlamydial heat shock proteins are considered to be of great importance lately. Their molecular weights of 60 and 10 kDa are a powerful stimulant of immunological reactions and show significant homology (40-90%) to human and other bacterial heat shock proteins.
3

Comparison of two methods used for monitoring low-copy cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia after unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation

100%
Dzieciatkowski T., Przybylski M., Tomaszewska A., Rokicka M., Luczak M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 3
199-203
EN
Introduction: Detection of human cytomegalovirus (CMV, HHV-5) DNA in clinical specimens is considered a cornerstone in the diagnosis of HHV-5 disease. The present study compared two quantitative methods used for diagnosing cytomegalovirus infection in a 21-year-old woman with chronic myeloid leukemia after an unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were tested for the presence of HHV-5 DNA using the LightCycler PCR, the quantitative Eclipse? CMV DNA Detection Kit, and a qualitative in-house PCR assay using primers that amplify part of the HHV-5 MIE gene. Results: Results from samples containing a low cytomegalovirus load were more accurate with the LightCycler test than those obtained with the Eclipse? test, which underestimated the viral load of samples containing low DNA copy numbers. Conclusions: These findings underline the value of novel PCR methods used in current therapeutic procedures and in monitoring antiviral therapy with nucleoside analogs. The high level of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and rapidity provided by the LightCycler instrument are favorable for the use of this system in the detection of HHV-5 DNA in clinical specimens.
4
Content available remote

Sleep as a behavioral model of neuro-immune interactions

100%
Opp M. R., Imeri L.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1999
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vol. 59
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issue 1
45-53
EN
The central nervous system, by a variety of mechanisms engages in constant surveillance of the peripheral immune system. Alterations in the status of the peripheral immune system induced by an invading pathogen for example, are quickly detected by the central nervous system, which then responds by altering physiological processes and behavior in an attempt to support the immune system in its efforts to eliminate the pathogen. Sleep is one of several behaviors that are dramatically altered in response to infection. Immune-active substances such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, either directly or indirectly via interactions with neurotransmitters or neurohormones are involved in the regulation of sleep. Because these cytokines increase during infection, they are likely candidates for mediating the profound alterations in sleep that occur during infection. Since regulation of behavior is the function of the central nervous system, infection-induced alterations in behavior provide a unique model for the study of neuro-immune interactions.
5

Is it wise to target the late costimulatory molecule OX40 as a therapeutic target?

100%
Cavanagh M. M., Hussell T.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 5
291-297
EN
The immune response triggered following pathogen recognition, though required to clear the infection, can be detrimental if it is produced in excess or fails to resolve promptly. Excessive inflammation contributes to infectious and noninfectious pathologies in the gut (such as inflammatory bowel disease), lung (such as bronchiolitis), and in a variety of autoimmune conditions. T cells contribute significantly to pathology during inflammation. Global anti-inflammatory strategies can alleviate the consequences of exuberant inflammation by suppressing T cell activity, but may leave the patient vulnerable to opportunistic infection. More specific therapies aim to suppress only those T cells involved in the disease process, and one such approach is to target late costimulatory molecules. These are not expressed on na?ve or resting memory cells. Rather, they have a specific window of expression and their ligation results in the production of abundant inflammatory cytokines. By targeting these molecules, it is hoped that inflammation will reduce, but that therapies will be specific enough to avoid, global immune suppression. This review focuses on the late costimulatory molecule OX40, compare it with other T cell costimulators, and highlight why it is a more suitable target for immune intervention than other immune suppressive strategies.
6

Regulation of autoreactive B cells: checkpoints and activation

100%
Ding C., Yan J.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 2
83-89
EN
It has become clear that the autoreactive B cells are a part of the normal na?ve B cell repertoire in the periphery, despite the fact that they undergo a series of checkpoints, which include receptor editing (revision), clonal deletion, and anergy. However, most of those B cells reactive against self antigen remain functionally na?ve for autoantibody production by differential peripheral checkpoints. Therefore, the presence of autoreactive B cells does not always signify disease. Regulation of their activation and effector functions will determine the ultimate outcome. Although autoreactive B cell tolerance is well maintained in the healthy individual, the existence of pathogenic autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases indicates that these tolerogenic checkpoints are broken. Recent studies have demonstrated that autoreactive B cells are regulated by a composite of factors, such as genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers such as bacterial and viral infections as well as other immune cells. Interestingly, Toll-like receptors, previously considered as pattern-recognition receptors to detect and sense pathogens, may also have a potential to recognize self antigens and regulate autoreactive B cells for activation. Understanding the mechanisms of autoreactive B cell regulation and activation may help in identifying novel targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
7

Biology of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its significance in the pathogenesis of some diseases

100%
Robak T.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
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1994
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vol. 48
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issue 5
565-588
EN
In the paper numerous activities of IL-6 toward various normal and neoplastic cells are reviewed.The role of this cytokine in pathophysiology of various disease including infections and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as in leukaemias, lymphomas and other neoplastic diseases is presented.Potential clinical value of the IL-6 levels in the serum and the role of its recombinant form in the treatment of thrombocytopenia and some neoplastic diseases is also discussed.
8

The immunity in Toxoplasma gondii infections

100%
Dlugonska H.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
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2000
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vol. 54
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issue 1
52-66
EN
The immunity in Toxoplasma gondii infections The article presents selected data concerning pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, natural and specific resistance and vaccines against T. gondii infections. Toxoplasma gondii protozoan has been recognized as one of the most successful parasites infecting any nucleated cell of human individuals and most warm-blooded animals. The infection causes life-threatening disease in individuals with defective immunity such as fetuses, AIDS patients and transplant recipients. In immunocompetent humans toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic. Following an acute phase of infection characterized by systemic spread of rapidly dividing tachyzoites, bradyzoites encyst in various host tissues (brain, muscles) and may persist there lifelong. Toxoplasmosis in controlled by vigorous cell-mediated immune response capable of killing infected cells and parasites. As shown in the mouse experimental model natural killer cells (NK) are critical for the resistance at the early stage of primary infections, whereas adaptive immunity depends on T lymphocytes. Both CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ Tc1 lymphocytes are believed to mediate protection by producing of IFN-?, a pitoval cytokine that induces anti-Toxoplasma effector mechanisms in macrophages.
9

Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases

88%
Overbeck S., Rink L., Haase H.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 1
15-30
EN
Zinc is required for multiple cellular tasks, and especially the immune system depends on a sufficient availability of this essential trace element. During the last decades, many studies attempted to affect the outcome of various diseases by zinc supplementation. These efforts either aimed at supporting immunity by zinc administration or at correcting a loss of zinc secondary to the disease to restore the zinc-dependent functions of the immune system. This review aims to summarize the respective findings and to discuss possible molecular mechanisms by which zinc could influence viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, and the response to vaccination. Zinc supplementation in diseases such as diarrhea, chronic hepatitis C, shigellosis, leprosy, tuberculosis, pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infection, and leishmaniasis seems beneficial. In contrast, the results for the common cold and malaria are still not conclusive, and zinc was ineffective in most vaccination and rheumatoid arthritis studies. For AIDS and type 1 diabetes, zinc supplementation may even be a risk factor for increased mortality or deterioration of the glucose metabolism, respectively. In these cases, zinc supplementation should be used with care and limited to clearly zinc-deficient individuals.
10

Familial occurrence of warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome

88%
Siedlar M., Rudzki Z., Strach M., Trzyna E., Pituch-Noworolska A., Blaut-Szlosarczyk A., Bukowska-Strakova K., Lenart M., Grodzicki T., Zembala M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 6
419-425
EN
Introduction: Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare immunodeficiency disorder with an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance and low fatality rate but significant lifelong morbidity. Materials and Methods: A 27-year-old mother of two children has been suffering from severe neutropenia and recurrent infections with the diagnosis of sporadic WHIM established by sequencing the CXCR4 gene and the finding of a heterozygous 1000 CT nonsense mutation in the second CXCR4 exon. The first child was an apparently healthy boy delivered at full term. Umbilical cord blood cells were obtained for genetic analysis. Peripheral blood cells were also analyzed at 8 months of life. Both analyses revealed the same mutation as that of his mother. The child was in a good condition, manifesting neutropenia without infections until 11 months of life. He subsequently developed pneumonia requiring a more aggressive treatment. After that, the regular substitution of immunoglobulins (IVIGs) and G-CSF has been preventing serious infections. Six months ago the second boy was delivered who also demonstrated neutropenia without severe infections. Genetic studies using cord blood and also peripheral blood cells in the fourth month showed an identical mutation of the CXCR4 gene as in his mother. Moreover, the mother and her first son demonstrated monocytopenia. Results: The results indicate that genetic defects connected with WHIM syndrome may influence not only the granulocyte, but also the monocytic lineage. Moreover, a perinatal diagnosis of WHIM syndrome made by sequencing the CXCR4 gene should be performed in cases where either parent is known to be affected with this disease. Conclusions: This would facilitate an earlier detection of the deficiency in children, thereby allowing a more comprehensive follow-up and administration of appropriate therapy.
11

Prospects for development of new antimycobacterial drugs, with special reference to a new benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648

88%
Tomioka H.
|
EN
In this article, I have thoroughly reviewed the status of development of new antimycobacterial drugs, in particular, rifamycin derivatives (rifabutin, rifapentine, and a new benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, sitafloxacin, moxifloxacin, and others), new macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin), and others. In this review, I have mainly described the in vitro and in vivo activities of these drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, especially Mycobacterium avium complex. In addition, therapeutic efficacy of these drugs in cases of clinical treatment of mycobacterial infections have also been briefly mentioned.
12

The biomaterial - associated infection in medicine

88%
Rozalska B.
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13

Neutrophils in the innate immune response

88%
Kobayash S. D., Voyich J. M., Burlak C., DeLeo F. R.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 6
505-517
EN
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are an essential component of the human innate immune system. Circulating neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of infection by host- and/or pathogen-derived components, which also prime these host cells for enhanced microbicidal activity. PMNs bind and ingest microorganisms by a process known as phagocytosis, which typically triggers production of reactive oxygen species and the fusion of cytoplasmic granules with pathogen-containing vacuoles. The combination of neutrophil reactive oxygen species and granule components is highly effective in killing most bacteria and fungi. Inasmuch as PMNs are the most abundant type of leukocyte in humans and contain an arsenal of cytotoxic compounds that are non-specific, neutrophil homeostasis must be highly regulated. To that end, constitutive PMN turnover is regulated by apoptosis, a process whereby these cells shut down and are removed safely by macrophages. Notably, apoptosis is accelerated following phagocytosis of bacteria, a process that appears important for the resolution of infection and inflammation. This review provides a general overview of the role of human neutrophils in the innate host response to infection and summarizes some of the recent advances in neutrophil biology.
14

Regulatory T cells: magic bullets for immunotherapy?

75%
Frey O., Brauer R.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 54
|
issue 1
33-43
EN
In the past few years it has been become increasingly clear that T cells capable of actively suppressing immune responses are thought to be in part responsible for the maintenance of peripheral self tolerance. In healthy rodents and humans, CD4+ T cells constitutively expressing the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor -chain (CD25) are able to exert such suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. Despite great efforts in our understanding of the biology of such immunoregulatory T cells, there are still certain points incompletely understood. Although some authors suggest that immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-10 or transforming growth factor b are critical for the suppressive effect of these cells, this is controversial and the exact molecular nature and the targets of suppression are largely unknown. Thus far, until regulatory T cells can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes many questions have to be answered. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the function and properties of this T cell subset and discuss their potential role in human autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases.
15
Content available remote

Molecular biology of prions

75%
Weissmann C., Enari M., Klohn P.-C., Rossi D., Flechsig E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 3
153-166
EN
The ?protein only? hypothesis holds that the infectious agent causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is a conformational isomer of PrP, a host protein predominantly expressed in brain and is strongly supported by many lines of evidence. Prion diseases are so far unique among conformational diseases in that they are transmissible, not only experimentally but also by natural routes, mainly by ingestion. The pathway of prions to the brain has been elucidated in outline. A striking feature of prions is their extraordinary resistance to conventional sterilisation procedures, and their capacity to bind to surfaces of metal and plastic without losing infectivity. This property, first observed in a clinical setting, is now being investigated in experimental settings, both in animals and in cell culture.
16

Possibilities and problems of ethiologic prophylaxis of human's virus infections

75%
Kantoch M., Bucholc B., Litwinska B.
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vol. 49
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issue 3
309-341
EN
There are areas of proved and succesful prophylaxis of human's virus oinfections: vacines, gammaglobulin and synthetic viral inactivators.In case of vaccine application the very important tasks concern situations of decreased immunoglogical potency and viral latency.The progress and up to now achievments according to viral vaccines which may be used in immunocompromised people are presented in the paper, as well the specificity of studies on vaccines against latent viral infections.Gammaglobulin preparations especially of commercial production, are characterized.Mechanisms of their activity, different efficiency in viral infections and problem of safety, point on the important complementary role of gammaglobulin prophylactic application.Disinfecting agents grow in importance, so the main topic presented concerns the requirements, which must be fulfilled to achieve satisfactory results in preventing virus infection.
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