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1

Polydnaviruses of hymenopteran endoparasitoids knock out the host insect immune response

100%
Glinski Z., Jarosz J.
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vol. 44
87-94
EN
The insect immune system reacts against invading microorganisms and parasites with the recruitment of haemocytes and with humoral response. Cellular immune reactions involve phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation by different types of haemocytes whereas insect cell-free antibacterial immunity depends on the production of a number of peptides and proteins, among which lysozyme, cecropins and attacins represent the major group of immune proteins. Polydnaviruses from certain hymenopterous parasitoids interfere with both host immunity and host development. These immunosuppressive viruses exhibit an intimate genetic relationship with the parasitoid since viral sequences are integrated within the parasitoid chromosomal DNA. The viral genes expression in parasitized host induces immunosuppression and alters development of the host insect. The parasitoids developing in the host body cavity knock out the insect immune system, inducing a decline in cellular and humoral components of the immune system so that parasitoid eggs are not recognized as foreign and thereby are not encapsulated. Polydnaviruses carrying parasitoids escape the host immune response and may develop within the insect host whereas other invaders are normally destroyed by defense factors of insect haemolymph.
2

The significance of Treg cells in defective tumor immunity

100%
Kosmaczewska A., Ciszak L., Potoczek S., Frydecka I.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 3
181-191
EN
Regulatory T cells (Treg) enriched in FoxP3+, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor+, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4+ exert a potential to suppress effector T cells in the periphery. These cells exist in markedly higher proportions within tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and/or regional lymph node lymphocytes of patients with cancer and their frequencies are suggested to be strongly related to tumor progression and inversely correlated with the efficacy of treatment. Tumor-specific Treg cells require ligand-specific activation and cell-to-cell contact to exert their suppressive activity on tumor-specific effector cells (CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4+ Th cells), which includes decreased cytotoxity, proliferation, and Th1 cytokine secrection. Depletion or blockade of Treg cells can enhance immune protection from tumor-associated antigens that are expressed as self antigens. Recent studies revealed that lymphoma T cells might adopt a Treg profile as well. Studies assessing the influence of chemotherapy on Treg cells have also been included in this review.
3

The role of the lysophospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate in immune cell biology

100%
von_ W. H., Zimmermann K., Kleuser B.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 4
239-251
EN
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to be a bioactive lipid mediator intimately involved in mediating a variety of immunological processes. In particular, S1P regulates lymphocyte cell trafficking between the lymphatic system and the blood. The lysophospholipid signals mainly through five related G protein-coupled receptor subtypes, termed S1P1 to S1P5. S1P1 seems to play an especially essential role in cell trafficking, as this receptor subtype promotes the egress of T and B cells from secondary lymphatic organs. This S1P1-mediated migratory response is a consequence of different S1P levels in the serum and lymphatic organs. In addition to its direct effects on lymphocyte motility, S1P strengthens cell barrier integrity in sinus-lining endothelial cells, thereby reducing lymphocyte egress out of lymph nodes. Furthermore, S1P modulates cytokine profiles in T and dendritic cells, resulting in an elevated differentiation of T helper-2 cells during the T cell activation process. It is of interest that the mode of molecular action of the novel immunomodulator FTY720 interferes with the signaling of S1P. After phosphorylation, FTY720 shares structural similarity with S1P, but in contrast to the natural ligand, phosphorylated FTY720 induces a prolonged internalization of S1P1, resulting in an impaired S1P-mediated migration of lymphocytes.
4

Immunosuppressive agents and cytomegalovirus infection

100%
Tanaka K.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2003
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vol. 51
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issue 3
179-184
EN
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the major infectious complication observed after organ transplantation. As rejection episodes always occur in allograft-transplanted recipients, various kinds of immunosuppressive agnets are used to control such rejection episodes. Among the commonly used immunosuppressive agents, anti-pan T cell monoclonal antibody (OKT3) is known to increase the risk of viral infections. A new immunological techniques have recently been developed to measure CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 cells by flowcytometry. Using the techniques, the high frequencies of specific CD4 and CD8 T cells have been shown to be required to survey the CMV (re)activation in the persistent/latent phase of CMV infection. An excessive T cell depletion by OKT would deplete such surveying T cells, thus resulting in the occurrence of CMV-associated diseases.
5

Immunotherapeutic approaches in ocular inflammatory diseases

100%
Kurup S. K., Chan C.-C.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 6
484-496
EN
This comprehensive review discusses immunotherapeutic approaches to ocular inflammatory diseases, updates information provided in the literature, and presents clinical experiences with an emphasis on autoimmune uveitis at the National Eye Institute, United States. Current medical and surgical therapeutic approaches, including medications such as corticosteroids, anti-metabolites, alkylating agents, calcineurin and purine synthesis inhibitors, biologics as well as some anti-infectious agents, are reviewed along with new modalities and experimental approaches. Most immunosuppressive therapies have significant adverse effects. Physicians must be familiar with the pharmacology of the available drugs and aware of the philosophies behind the treatment.
6

Assessment of selected costimulatory, adhesion, and activatory molecules and cytokines of Th1/Th2 balance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children

88%
Luczynski W., Stasiak-Barmuta A., Krawczuk-Rybak M., Malinowska I.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 4
357-363
EN
Recent years have seen a rise in the importance of cytokine production and co-stimulatory/activatory molecule expression in the immune response in leukemia. The aim of our study was to assess the function of T lymphocytes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during remission induction based on selected cytokine and co-stimulatory/activatory molecule expression. The study group consisted of 50 children with ALL (B cell precursor). Peripheral blood samples were taken before treatment (day 0), after the prednisone prophase (day 8), and during (day 15) and after (day 33) remission induction. The percentages of T cells with interferon (IFN)-g (Th1), interleukin (IL)-4 (Th2) and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), CD28, CTLA-4, CD38, ICAM-1, and HLA-DR expression were assessed by tricolor flow cytometry. At the time of diagnosis we noted higher percentages of T cells with adhesion molecule ICAM-1, activation molecule CD38 expression, and an increased population of Th2 cells (IL-4) compared with the control group. During and after remission induction we observed a decreased population of CD38+ T cells, elevated percentages of helper T lymphocytes with IL-2R expression, and a rise in helper T lymphocytes producing IFN-g (Th1). During fever/infection, higher levels of activated T lymphocytes (CD4+HLA-DR+, CD8+HLA-DR+), a rise in Th1, and no change in Th2 populations were observed. The results suggest T cell activation and Th2 predominance at the time of diagnosis and during remission induction in ALL in children. These results confirm the involvement of cellular immunity in the leukemic process and can be used in immune therapy in leukemia.
7

Effect of post-trauma endotoxemia on the production of IL-1b in burn patients

88%
Cembrzynska-Nowak M.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
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1996
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vol. 50
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issue 5
537-540
EN
Thermal injury-associated endotoxemia affects the in vitro induction of interleukin -1b (IL-1b) synthesis by inflammatory stimuli. Pathophysiological effects related to the interaction between bacterial endotoxins and human monocytes/macrophages are complex and may have significant impact on defense response of burn host. Therapeutic approaches in critically ill burn patients should be considered in the context of the overall biological activity of endogenous mediators of immune and inflammatory reactions involved.
8

Antilymphocyte globulin with a small dose of cyclosporine A and prednisone as the induction of immunosuppression> in renal allograft recipients

75%
Boratynska M., Szepietowski T., Szewczyk Z., Szydlowski Z.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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1992
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vol. 40
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issue 2
163-168
EN
In attempt to avoid a detrimental synergism between CsA and renal ischemia in the immediate postoperative perion, ALG (425 limphocytotxic units/kg) with small doses of CsA (6-8 mg/kg) and P were applied as the initial immunosuppressive therapy in 14 recipients of cadaveric kidneys. ALG was administered for 5 to 14 days and 2 days before withdrawing ALG, Aza (2 mg/kg) was intorduced. Results of this protocol were compared with those of 19 pts treated with CsA (12 mg/kg) and P. All the pts were followed for at least 12 months. The duration of was significantly reduced in the ALG/CsA/P group (psmaller than 0.02). The sCr concentration after 12 months of observation was significantly lower(p smaller than 0.05), no alterations in urinalysis were detected. the number of was decreased. The acute rejection rates were equivalent in both groups, however 3 of 4 rejections in ALG/CsA/P group were resistant to steroids and occurred in pts with shortened period of ALG administration. The one year patient and graft survival in the ALG/CsA/P and control groups were respecitvely: 78.5%, 71.4% and 89.4%, 78.9%. Severe infectious complications in the group treated with ALG/CsA/P occurred in pts who were subsequently treated with OKT3.
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