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1

Host immune response in B-cell lymphomas: friend or foe?

100%
Juszczynski P., Nowak J., Warzocha K.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 4
245-255
EN
The interaction of B-cell malignancies with the host immune system is a dynamic and bilateral process. Certain lymphomas more commonly arise against a background of autoimmunity or chronic infection. Initiation of these tumors is commonly reliant on antigenic stimulation and/or T-cell help. Apart from its tumor-fueling role, the host immune response plays a critical role in cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. The concept of immunoediting holds that the immune system sculpts the tumor's immunogenicity in a dynamic process that involves three essential phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Data obtained by studying gene-targeted animal and human lymphomas that support the critical role of the immune response in the initiation, progression, and immunoediting of lymphoid malignancies are summarized here. A thorough understanding of this interaction will lead to the identification of more rational treatment targets and improved immunotherapies in B-cell lymphomas.
2

Cellular immune activation, neopterin production, tryptophan degradation and the development of immunodeficiency

80%
Widner B., Wirleitner B., Baier-Bitterlich G., Weiss G., Fuchs W.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2000
|
vol. 48
|
issue 4
251-258
EN
Cellular (Th1-type) immune response is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Within the immunological cascades of Th1-type immunity, interferon (IFN-), among other cytokines, is critically involved. It triggers a series of immune-relevant reactions mostly directed towards forward regulation of the antigen specific immune response. However, in chronic states of immune activation, systemically increased IFN-gamma is no longer antigen specific and is associated with the development of immunodeficiency. IFN-gamma also stimulates the production of neopterin, a low-mass compound, in human monocytes/macrophages. Accordingly, neopterin concentrations in humans reflect the degree of Th1-type immune activation. Since IFN-gamma also stimulates the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from immunocompetents cells, the amount of neopterin produced also serves as an indirect estimate of oxidative stress. In parallel, IFN-gamma activates the degradation of tryptophan, which appears to limit the growth of intracellular pathogens and the proliferation of cells, including T lymphocytes. Thus, during persisting states of immune activation, the production of IFN-gamma is not only associated with forward regulation of the immune response, but also with immunosuppressive mechanisms. The increased formation of neopterin and degradation of tryptophan may result in a drecreased T cell responsiveness and development of immunodeficiency.
3

RM-11, a new izoxasole derivative, is a potent stimulator of the humoral and cellular immune responses in mice

80%
Ryng S., Sonnenberg Z., Zimecki M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2000
|
vol. 48
|
issue 2
127-131
EN
In this report we describe immunostimulatory properties of RM-11 in several in vivo and in vitro tests in the murine model. We found that RM-11 significantly stimulated the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) when given intraperitoneally (i. p.) at doses of 10 and 100 mug or per os (doses of 20 and 200 mug) 3 h before immunization. The compound was also stimulatory with regard to generation of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC when given i. p. or per os (doses of 10, 100 and 500 mug/mouse). The described immunostimulatory activities of RM-11 were higher compared to that of the reference drug, levamisole. RM-11 stimulated, in addition, concanavalin A (ConA) -induced splenocyte proliferation. Lastly, we showed that RM-11 was not toxic when given to mice per os at doses 250 mg/kg body weight. Taken together, RM-11 appeared to be a universal stimulator of the immune response in mice. Lack of toxicity and the ability to stimulate the immune response, when administered per os, predispose the compound for further preclinical studies.
4

Mast cells and inflammation

80%
Stassen M., Hultner L., Muller C., Schmitt E.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2002
|
vol. 50
|
issue 3
179-186
EN
Mast cells have long since been recognized as potent producers of a large panel of biological highly active mediators such as biogenic amines, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines and chemokines, but most of their biological functions had been elusive and speculative. By taking advantage of mast cell-deficient mice, the role of mast cells in a variety of experimental settings can now be studied in detail and such approaches have dramatically altered and enlarged our knowledge about mast cell biology and function. Herein we will focus on the role of mast cells in inflammatory reactions of diverse origin such as delayed type hypersensitivity, atopy, immune complex-mediated inflammation and innate immune responses. From a current point of view, there is no doubt that the most outstanding and beneficial feature of mast cells is their recently uncovered ability to rapidly induce a life-saving inflammatory response upon encountering microbes and microbial constituents. Nevertheless, the picture is also emerging that mast cells are deeply involved in the induction and maintenance of a variety of severe allergic and autoimmune diseases. However, a deeper understanding of their activation and immune-modulatory capacity might open a new window for the development of curative strategies.
5

Fraction of spleen cells responsible for suppresion of cellular immune response to SRBC in mice treated with outer membrane proteins of Shigella

80%
Czarny A., Witkowska D., Mulczyk M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
1992
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vol. 40
|
issue 2
135-137
EN
Effect of splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with suppressive dose of OMP rfom Shigella on delaed hipersensivity, induced in mice with sheep red blood cells was investigated. Only the population of T lymphocytes was found to suppress the delayed hypersensitivity, as measured by the footpad reaction. The results suggest that OMP of Shigella are able to induce in the spleen of animals active T cells which are responsible for the suppression of cellular response induced by SRBC.
6

Roles of galectin-3 in immune responses

80%
Chen H. Y., Liu F.-T., Yang R.-Y.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2005
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vol. 53
|
issue 6
497-504
EN
Galectins are a family of animal lectins with conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains for b-galactoside. Galectin-3 is the only family member that is composed of a glycine/proline-rich N-terminal repeated sequence and a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain. Multiple functions of galectin-3 have been reported, depending on its location. Extracelluar galectin-3 can bind to cell surface through glycosylated proteins and thereby trigger or modulate cellular responses such as mediator release or apoptosis. Intracellular galectin-3 has been reported to inhibit apoptosis, regulate the cell cycle, and participate in the nuclear splicing of pre-mRNA. Recent studies have revealed that galectin-3 is expressed in a variety of cell types in the immune system, constitutively or in response to microbial invasion. These studies implicate galectin-3 in both innate and adaptive immune responses, where it participates in the activation or differentiation of immune cells. This review summarizes the roles of galectin-3 in the immune system and discusses the possible underlying mechanisms.
7

Leukotrienes ? mediators of inflammation

80%
Woszczek G., Pawliczak R., Kowalski M. L.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
|
2003
|
vol. 57
|
issue 5
593-610
EN
Leukotrienes are biologically active metabolites derived from arachidonic acid playing an important role in inflammatory responses. There are two main groups of leukotrienes: dihydroxy-leukotrienes (LTB4) and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4). By activating specific G-protein coupled receptors, leukotrienes take part in immune responses, like activation and chemotaxis of leukocytes. Several studies have shown that leukotrienes may play a significant role in pathomechanisms of inflammatory diseases of human airways, skin, digestive tract and heart.
8

Interleukin 10 and its role in the regulation of the cell-mediated immune response in syphilis

80%
Lusiak M., Podwinska J.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2001
|
vol. 49
|
issue 6
417-422
EN
Data concerning interleukin 10 (IL-10), a cytokine of Th2 lymphocytes, and its inhibition of Th1 lymphocytes from secreting interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon (IFN) are presented. It has been indicated that IL-10 also inhibits other cells from producing interleukin 12 (IL-12) and nitric oxide (NO). It is known that all these factors take part in the cell-mediated immune response and immunity. This inhibition may facilitate the multiplication of Treponema pallidum and the development of disease despite the presence of immunologically competent cells. It has also been demonstrated that in late latent syphilis, when Th1 lymphocytes are not able to produce IL-2 and IFN, the cells are able to produce only IL-12 and NO. This fact seems to suggest that these factors take over the immune function when cells are stimulated again by treponemes which, after many years of latency, begin to multiply. Thus, a high level of IL-12 and NO seems to be an indicator of the development of the third stage of disease.
9

Activation of Salmonella-specific immune responses in the intestinal mucosa

80%
Srinivasan A., McSorley S. J.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
25-31
EN
The mammalian immune response to Salmonella has long been a subject of scientific study. Indeed, many of the general aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and host immune defense have been well described. However, a lack of clarity remains concerning important aspects of the host immune response to Salmonella, particularly with regard to the induction of an immune response in the intestinal mucosa. A major limitation has been the general lack of knowledge about specific antigenic targets that are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune response in the intestine. Progress towards the identification of these targets is critical for the development of a detailed model of immunity to Salmonella and will lead to a better understanding of mucosal immune responses to other intracellular pathogens.
10

CSF-1 as a regulator of macrophage activation and immune responses

80%
Sweet M. J., Hume D. A.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2003
|
vol. 51
|
issue 3
169-177
EN
Macrophage activation is a key determinant of susceptibility and pathology in a variety of inflammatory diseases. The extent of macrophage activation is tightly regulated by a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-gamma, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-3) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta). Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1/M-CSF) is a key differentiation, growth and survival factor for monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts. The role of this factor in regulating macrophage activation is often overlooked. This review will summarise our current understanding of the effects of CSF-1 on the activation state of mature macrophages and its role in regulating immune responses.
11

Lymphoid aggregates in gastric biopsies: relationship to other mucosal lesions

80%
Jaskiewicz K., Kobierska G.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2000
|
vol. 48
|
issue 3
201-204
EN
The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of lymphocyte aggregates (precursor of MALT lymphomas) in gastric mucosal biopsies and to associate gastric lymphoid tissue with the age of patients, Helicobacter-associated gastritis and other gastric mucosal pathology. A consecutive series of gastric mucosal samples from 150 children and 256 adults were assessed for the presence of lymphoid aggregates as well as morphological characteristics, Helicobacter pylori status, signs of gastritis, mucosal atrophy and lymphoepithelial lesions. Fifteen selected samples with prominent lymphoid aggregates and 10 controls were examined immunohistochemically for the immunoglobulins A, G, M, lymphocytes B and T, clonality of B cell population, atypical lymphocytes and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigen. There was an increase of H.pylori infection and mucosal lymphoid aggregates (MALT) rates in parallel with the increasing age of patients noted in the histological assessment of the mucosal samples. A close association of lymphoid aggregates with H.pylori infection and prominent active gastritis was found, but in adults with chronic non-active, particularly atrophic gastritis this association became weaker. No morphological and immunohistochemical signs of MALT lymphoma were present. Lymphoid aggregates in children were larger, with follicles, but less numerous and tended to be located in the intermediate and deeper parts of the gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemical studies showed an increase of IgA, IgM and lymphocytes T in the deeper part of the lamina propria in H.pylori-associated gastritis and lymphocyte T accumulation in the periphery of the lymphoid follicles. No evidence of monoclonality, CD31 positive lymphocytes or EBV antigen was detected. Lymphoid aggregates are related, but not exclusively, to H.pylori infection. Their detection rates achieve a peak in young adults with H.pylori infection. Lymphocytic aggregates are also present in chronic atrophic gastritis without H.pylori infection and may relate to autoimmune inflammatory response to other factors.
12

Rethinking oxidized low-density lipoprotein, its role in atherogenesis and the immune responses associated with it

80%
Shaw P. X.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2004
|
vol. 52
|
issue 4
225-239
EN
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, resulting from hyperlipidemia and a complex interplay of many environmental, metabolic, and genetic risk factors. The unregulated macrophage uptake of cholesterol and lipids through modified forms of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), such as ?OxLDL', transforms macrophages into 'foam cells' to form the initial morphological lesion (the fatty streak). The modification of LDL not only enhances its uptake by macrophages, but also changes the natural structures of these otherwise ubiquitous molecules to generate a variety of modified lipids and proteins that represent highly immunogenic neo-determinants. For example, in ApoE?/? mice, autoantibody titers to epitopes on OxLDL are correlated with the extent of atherosclerosis. Similarly, oxidative stress on cellular membranes could also give rise to ?oxidation-specific' epitopes and common autoantibodies. However, OxLDL is not uniform, but rather contains complex structures, ranging from a small conformational change in surface lipids to the breakdown of the peptide chain. Therefore, the immune responses to the variety of OxLDL and their association to atherosclerosis progression are very different. For example, phosphorylcholine (PC) is a natural component of phospholipids and exists in LDL and plasma membranes. ?Natural' antibodies against PC can distinctively react to PC on bacteria, OxLDL and apoptotic cells, but not to those on unoxidized phospholipids, native LDL and viable cells, which suggests the broader role of such autoantibodies in maintaining the homeostasis of the host. While malondialdehyde-modified structures resemble more the exogenous changes and associate with advanced stage of lesion, they are more likely to associate with adaptive immunity.
13

Immune response against genetically modified tumor cells

80%
Nowak J., Januszkiewicz D., Kowalczyk D., Ma, Mazurek J., Laciak M., Malicki J., Murawa P., Wiznerowicz M., Heinrich P. C., Rose-John S.
Biotechnologia
|
1996
|
issue 4
55-67
EN
The provisional conclusion is that 'anti-cancer vaccine' may enhance unspecific and specific anti-tumor immune response in some of the treated malignant melanoma patients.
14

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: a new type of organ-resident antigen-presenting cell

80%
Limmer A., Knolle P. A.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2001
|
vol. 49
|
issue 1 suppl.
7-12
EN
The induction of peripheral immune tolerance in the liver is a well-known phenomenon that is operative in different situations such as tolerance to organ transplants and tolerance to oral antigens. The mechanisms leading to peripheral immune tolerance in the liver are still incompletely understood. While different cell populations of the liver have been implicated in and probably contribute in concert to the induction of hepatic immune tolerance, one hepatic cell type in particular seems to be suited for tolerance induction: liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC). LSEC are microvascular endothelial cells with a unique phenotype reminiscent of dendritic cells and a unique function as antigen-presenting cells for CD4+ T cells. The hepatic microenvironment, i.e. portal venous constituents and soluble mediators from sinusoidal cell populations, tightly control antigen presentation by LSEC to avoid immune-mediated damage. LSEC, in contrast to other endothelial cells, have the capacity to prime naive CD4+ T cells and induce cytokine release. Importantly, naive CD4+ T cells primed by antigen- presenting LSEC differentiate into regulatory T cells whereas T cells primed by bone marrow-derived professional antigen presenting cells differentiate into Th1 cells. Thus, LSEC represent a new type of organ resident ?non-professional? antigen-presenting cell that appears to be involved in the local control of the immune response and the induction of immune tolerance in the liver.
15

Antigen non-specific activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes by cytokines: relevance to immunity, autoimmunity and cancer

70%
Ramanathan S., Gagnon J., Ilangumaran S.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 5
311-323
EN
Development of T lymphocytes and their survival in the periphery are dependent on signals emanating from cytokine receptors as well as the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). These two signaling pathways play distinct and complementary roles at various stages of T cell development, maturation, survival, activation and differentiation. During immune response to foreign antigens initiated by TCR signaling, cytokines play a key role in the expansion of activated T cells. Even though the initial activation of T cells occurs via the TCR, this requirement can be overcome under certain circumstances. During lymphopenia, cytokines trigger memory CD8+ T cells to undergo antigen non-specific homeostatic expansion, whereas na?ve CD8+ T cells require both cytokines and TCR signaling. Recent reports show certain combinations of cytokines can induce proliferation and effector functions of na?ve CD8+ T cells without concomitant stimulation via the TCR. While such antigen non-specific stimulation of na?ve T cells might significantly boost the adaptive immune response, it could also have an undesirable effect of triggering potentially autoreactive cells. Understanding the mechanisms and the regulation of cytokine-driven stimulation of na?ve CD8+ T cells may lead to novel strategies of intervention for autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, in vitro expansion of na?ve CD8+ T cells by certain combinations of cytokines could be used to generate tumor-specific cells with ideal properties for cellular immunotherapy of cancer.
16

Immune privilege or inflammation? The paradoxical effects of Fas ligand

70%
O'Connell J.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2000
|
vol. 48
|
issue 2
73-79
EN
Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis of cells, including activated lymphocytes, expressing its cognate receptor, Fas (CD95/APO-1). FasL precludes inflammatory reactions from immune privileged sites by triggering Fas-mediated apoptosis of infiltrating proinflammatory cells. Aberrant expression of FasL by cancers inhibits antitumor immune responses. The ability of FasL to impair immune responses may hold therapeutic promise as a means of protecting tissue transplants from immunological rejection. Paradoxically, FasL exhibits proinflammatory activity independent of its ability to mediate immune privilege. FasL has been shown to recruit and activate neutrophils, although the factors that determine whether FasL is pro- or anti-inflammatory are only beginning to emerge. FasL appears to contribute to cell death in Fas-sensitive endorgan cells during inflammation. Blocking of Fas-mediated endorgan apoptosis or enhancing Fas-mediated apoptosis of inflammatory cells represent potential targets for future antiinflammatory therapies.
17

Skin-induced tolerance and its reversal by Toll-like receptor ligands

70%
Szczepanik M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2007
|
vol. 55
|
issue 3
161-172
EN
In 1970, Gershon was the first to propose that T cells, in addition to their helper activity, can also play a role as regulatory cells capable of suppressing immune responses. However, the initial strong interest in T cell-mediated suppression was followed by a period of doubt and skepticism. Since the late 1990s the 'S' word started to be used in immunology again and interest in T suppressor cells has grown, ushering in a new renaissance for the field. In this article the author presents the current knowledge about a new subject called 'skin-induced tolerance'. Suppression is induced via epicutaneous immunization and is described in both Th1- and Tc1-mediated contact sensitivity reactions. The subject of skin-induced tolerance is also considered in the regulation of experimental models of autoimmune diseases such as allergic autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis and finally in an animal model of graft rejection. The last part of this presentation will introduce the very fresh subject of ?contrasuppression', or the reversal of skin-induced suppression.
18

Prostaglandins and the kidney

61%
Senatorski G., Paczek L., Lac M.
|
|
vol. 47
|
issue 5
305-324
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