Review of the interacting elements of nociceptive, neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems with a stress on sympathetic innervation of the lymphoid organs. Special attention is given to dysfunctions within the nociceptive, neuroendocrine and immune systems due to: damage to the:1) afferent fibers; 2) sympatho-adrenal system; 3) structures of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. The role of peripheral immunocytes in the generation of pain, including local cytokines, opioids and CRF is also discussed.
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