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Familial multiple myeloma. Two more families

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EN
The authors report on two multiple myeloma sibling pairs. In the absence of a known disease-specific marker one can only speculate on an explanation: is it because of inherited errors or is it related to the same environmental exposure, or both? In this study HLA typing and metabolizing enzyme polymorphism studies have been carried out with the aim of finding inherited similarities in the siblings or characteristics that might differ from the average population. Sibling pair 1 shared an HLA haplotype. Sibling pair 2 shared only HLA-B51, DR4, DRw53, DQ3. Sibling 1/1 was GSTT1 / GSTM1 null and GSTP1 Ile105Val; sibling 1/2 was a GSTT1 / GSTM1 heterozygote and GSTP1 Ile105Val; sibling 2/1 and 2/2 were GSTT1 heterozygotes and shared GSTM1 null / GSTP1 Ile105Ile. The siblings had identical light chain or heavy chain secretion, or both. The similarities found in the inherited factors together with the same environmental exposure in the siblings’ first 20 years of life imply that the development of the same disease cannot be a coincidence.
EN
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic small vessel vasculitis mainly affecting children. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman with severe gastrointestinal and renal involvement of HSP. Endoscopy revealed more characteristic findings in the terminal ileum than in the gastric antrum. Histological examinations of the biopsy samples from the ileum, antrum, skin and kidney confirmed the diagnosis of HSP. Parenteral corticosteroid therapy led to a rapid improvement of the gastrointestinal symptoms, but because of the excessive proteinuria intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy had to be introduced.
EN
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)/“receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B-ligand” (RANKL) system has an important role in the remodeling of bone through regulation of osteoclastogenesis. We aimed to detect OPG and RANKL levels, particularly in obese children in the pubertal period and to investigate whether these parameters correlate with insulin resistance in childhood. Our study included 66 obese children ranging in age from 9.1 to 16 years, and 22 non-obese children ranging in age from 10.5 to 16 years. Blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels were measured for all cases; HOMA-IR, Quicki index and atherogenic index were calculated. Serum OPG and RANKL levels were also measured. OPG and RANKL levels did not show any difference between obese and non-obese children (P>.05). No difference in these 2 parameters were observed among the children with and without insulin resistance (P>.05). No correlation could be established between the OPG, the HOMA-IR, Quick and atherogenic indices. Obesity and insulin resistance are believed to show their effect in the later period of life to become able to change some of the parameters.
EN
Parkinson’s disease (PD) belongs to group of neurodegenerative diseases. PD diagnosis is clinical, based on these signs: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia or hypokinesia. The aim of the work was to determine the frequency of separate clinical forms of Parkinson’s disease and difficulties at this disease diagnosis. After examining 267 patients, foreseen clinical criterion of Parkinson’s disease correspond 202 (44.0% persons) − 115 women and 87 men and for 65 patients diagnosis of PD was not confirmed, because they did not correspond with accepted criteria of Parkinson’s disease. While analyzing clinical peculiarities of disease we ascertained that rigidity-tremor form of disease prevailed for 152 (75.2%, 86 women and 66 men) patients. The rigidity form was more rare − 28 (13.9%, 13 women and 15 men). Not very frequent was a tremor form of disease -− 22 (10.9%, 16 women and 6 men) patients. According to data of our research, for almost one fourth of patients (65, 24.3%) the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease was not confirmed after clinical examination. These patients did not correspond with clinical criteria of PD. The data of our research maintain that for almost one fourth (one fourth of what?) (24.3%) the diagnosis was incorrect. Although these patients did not correspond with accepted criteria of PD, they had been treated with antiparkinsonic medications. The PD diagnosis for them was determined only according to separate symptoms: tremor, gait alterations or memory deterioration and behaviour alternations. It must be noted, that symptoms of Wilson’s disease, MSA or brain infarction were estimated as PD. Examining patients at home, we ascertained that not all patients use prescribed L-dopa preparations. A part of patients or their relatives stopped using of this drug independently. We also made note of the fact that urinary incontinence manifested using dopamine agonist ropinirole. This side effect became significant problem for patient himself and for his relatives.
EN
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (PSH) is a systemic disease, leading to the seizure of small blood vessels of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and joints. It may take several clinical forms, from mild skin changes by swelling and painful joints to the chronic kidney disease and serious complications of the gastrointestinal tract leading to life-threatening conditions. Although it has been described in the literature for over two centuries, the exact cause is still not established, and the list of the potential factors involved in its development is still expanding. There is also no uniform treatment algorithm, especially in children. In addition to symptom-relieving medications among which the most important role is played by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and cyclosporine A are also given to the patients. The trials with plasma exchange, immunoglobulin, rituximab, or ACE inhibitors are also conducted. The paper presents current views on the pathomechanism, course and treatment in Henoch-Schönlein syndrome. We also present a case of PSH in 7-year-old boy hospitalised because of generalized oedema, joint pain and purpura on the thighs and buttocks. Initially, a relatively mild clinical picture turned into a full-blown syndrome with involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. Venous involvement of the small intestine had led to intussusception with secondary necrosis of the intestine and required surgical intervention with resection of necrotic amended section.
PL
Plamica Schönleina-Henocha (PSH) jest schorzeniem ogólnoustrojowym, prowadzącym do zajęcia małych naczyń krwionośnych skóry, przewodu pokarmowego, nerek oraz stawów. Może przyjmować różne postaci kliniczne: od łagodnych zmian skórnych, poprzez obrzęk i bolesność stawów, aż do przewlekłej choroby nerek i ciężkich powikłań ze strony przewodu pokarmowego, które mogą prowadzić do stanów zagrożenia życia. Chociaż opisuje się ją w literaturze od ponad dwóch wieków, dotąd nie ustalono jej jednoznacznej przyczyny, a lista potencjalnych czynników biorących udział w jej rozwoju jest wciąż rozszerzana. Nie ma również jednorodnych algorytmów leczniczych, szczególnie u dzieci. Oprócz leków objawowych, wśród których najważniejszą rolę odgrywają niesterydowe leki przeciwzapalne, często podaje się także leki immunosupresyjne: glikokortykosteroidy, cyklofosfamid, azatioprynę, cyklosporynę A. Podejmowane są również próby leczenia plazmaferezą, immunoglobulinami, rytuksymabem czy inhibitorami konwertazy angiotensyny. W pracy przedstawiono współczesne poglądy na temat patomechanizmu, przebiegu oraz postępowania w leczeniu zespołu Schönleina-Henocha. Przedstawiono również opis przypadku PSH u 7-letniego chłopca, hospitalizowanego z powodu uogólnionego obrzęku i bólu stawów oraz zmian wybroczynowych na skórze ud i pośladków. Początkowo stosunkowo łagodny obraz kliniczny przerodził się w pełnoobjawowy zespół z zajęciem przewodu pokarmowego. Zajęcie naczyń krwionośnych jelita cienkiego doprowadziło do wgłobienia krętniczo-krętniczego z wtórną martwicą jelita i wymagało interwencji chirurgicznej z resekcją martwiczo zmienionego odcinka.
EN
Our article describes history, clinical features, systemic complications, current practice, and management of Henoch- Schönlein purpura (HSP). HSP is an acute, systemic, small-vessel vasculitis usually seen in healthy children and adults. HSP is the most common vasculitis affecting children. The classic symptoms are: nonthrombocytopenic purpuric rash, arthralgia or arthritis, glomerulonephritis and gastrointestinal involvement: abdominal pain, ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum and colon. More rarely, patients present neurological manifestations: cerebral vasculitis or peripheral nervous system dysfunctions. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms are still not fully described, the role of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in the pathogenesis of the formation of the circulating immune complex was established. Antibody complexes form as a result of infections, drugs, vaccinations and immune mechanisms. There are no specific laboratory tests and markers which can confirm diagnosis. Treatment of HSP is controversial. Recognition of multiorgan manifestations, particularly glomerulonephritis needs the systemic steroids intervention. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy is recommended for reduction of proteinuria. The prognosis depends on severity of renal involvement. Follow-up for children should include: urine testing for proteinuria and haematuria and measurement of a blood pressure for at least 6 months. The risk of complications (proteinuria, hypertension) during pregnancy occurs more often to women with previous history of HSP. Our article describes history, clinical features, systemic complications, current practice, and management.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono historię, kliniczne postacie zespołu Schönleina-Henocha (ZSH), powikłania narządowe oraz bieżące zalecenia dotyczące prowadzenia chorych. Zespół Schönleina-Henocha to ostre, uogólnione zapalenie małych naczyń, spotykane u dotychczas zdrowych dzieci oraz u dorosłych. Choroba ta jest najczęstszym zapaleniem naczyń występującym u dzieci. Do klasycznych objawów należą: plamica nietrombocytopeniczna, bóle stawów, zapalenie stawów, zmiany w kłębuszkach nerkowych oraz powikłania dotyczące przewodu pokarmowego (ból brzucha, owrzodzenia żołądka, dwunastnicy oraz okrężnicy). Rzadziej pacjenci manifestują objawy neurologiczne: zapalenie naczyń mózgowych oraz zaburzenia dotyczące obwodowego systemu nerwowego. W patogenezie powstawania stanu zapalnego naczyń istotną rolę odgrywają przeciwciała z klasy IgA1, które prowadzą do odkładania się kompleksów immunologicznych, choć nie znamy jeszcze wszystkich mechanizmów, w jakich dochodzi do stanu zapalnego naczyń. Przyczyną powstawania kompleksów przeciwciał mogą być: infekcje, leki, szczepienia oraz inne mechanizmy immunologiczne. Nie ma specyficznych badań laboratoryjnych oraz markerów potwierdzających diagnozę, brak także konsensusu dotyczącego leczenia. W przypadku powikłań narządowych, kłębuszkowego zapalenia nerek rekomendowane jest systemowe podawanie steroidów. Leczenie inhibitorami enzymu konwertującego angiotensynę zaleca się w celu zmniejszenia białkomoczu. Prognozy uzależnione są od stopnia ciężkości powikłań nerkowych. Monitorowanie dzieci po zachorowaniu obejmuje: regularne badania moczu pod kątem białkomoczu, krwinkomoczu oraz pomiary ciśnienia tętniczego przez minimum 6 miesięcy. U kobiet, które przebyły w dzieciństwie ZSH, w okresie ciąży ryzyko nadciśnienia tętniczego oraz białkomoczu jest statystycznie większe.
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