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1
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Multivariate statistical assessment of polluted soils

100%
Simeonov V., Einax J., Tsakovski S., Kraft J.
Open Chemistry
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2005
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vol. 3
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issue 1
1-9
EN
This study deals with the application of several multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis, principal components analysis, multiple regression on absolute principal components scores) for assessment of soil pollution by heavy metals. The sampling was performed in a heavily polluted region and the chemometric analysis revealed four latent factors, which describe 84.5 % of the total variance of the system, responsible for the data structure. These factors, whose identity was proved also by cluster analysis, were conditionally named “ore specific”, “metal industrial”, “cement industrial”, and “steel production” factors. Further, the contribution of each identified factor to the total pollution of the soil by each metal pollutant in consideration was determined.
2
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Physicochemical properties and selected metals in soils of Ohaji-Egbema, Imo State, Nigeria

100%
Chukwuemeka A. N., Ngozi V. E., Chukwuemeka I. S., Wirnkor V. A.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2017
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vol. 10
39-48
EN
This study assesses the physiochemical characteristics and heavy metals content of crude oil polluted soils and non-polluted soils from Ohaji/Egbema, Imo State. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-30 cm at each sampling point and then analyzed using standard analytical methods. Data from the five areas were compared to standards for soils in Nigeria and in World Health Organization (WHO) data banks. The results obtained from the analysis showed an average pH of (4.88 ± 0.02 to 5.02 ± 0.04) for polluted soil and (6.57 ± 0.05 to 6.82 ± 0.03) for non-polluted soil, electrical conductivity (571 ± 1.1 to 592 ± 0.8 µS/cm) for oil polluted soil and (383 ± 0.5 to 415 ± 1.6 µS/cm) for non-polluted samples, moisture content (5.2 ± 0.2 to 9.1 ±0.1 %) for polluted soil and (4.5 ± 0.1 to 4.7 ± 0.3 %) for non-polluted soil samples. There was no significant difference in temperature and organic matter for both the polluted and non-polluted soil samples. The heavy metals analysis results showed Fe3+ (0.615 to 0.989 ppm) for oil-polluted soil samples and (0.0453 to 0.273 ppm) for non-polluted soil samples, Pb2+ (0.017 to 0.180 ppm) for oil-polluted soil and (0.008 to 0.010 ppm) for non-polluted soil. The study reveals that areas that are polluted need urgent remediation if the soil is to be used for agricultural purposes.
3
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The analysis of heavy metals content in herbal infusions

100%
Suchacz B., Wesolowski M.
Open Medicine
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2012
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vol. 7
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issue 4
457-464
EN
The content of 8 heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was evaluated in infusions prepared from 13 different herbal compositions commercially available in drug or herbal stores. The mixtures were produced by a Polish manufacturer “Herbapol”. The concentration of heavy metals was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In the herbal infusions Mn was found in the highest concentration varying from 3.03 to 129.01 mg/kg. The element of the lowest content was Cd in the range of 0.024–0.153 mg/kg. According to interquartile ranges the concentrations of studied heavy metals in infusions decreased in the following descending order: Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd. Cluster analysis allowed for the division of herbal infusions into groups described by comparable levels of heavy metals. In water extracts made from Urosan, Nervosan, Infektoten and Cholagoga, distinctive levels of Mn, Fe and Cr were determined. According to WHO regulations, the concentrations of the elements did not exceed the allowable limits.
4
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Solid phase selective separation and green preconcentration of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in drinking water by using novel functionalized resin

100%
Burham N., Azeem S., El-Shahat M.
Open Chemistry
|
2009
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vol. 7
|
issue 4
945-954
EN
A new solid - phase extraction sorbent was developed based on stepwise anchoring of two ligand molecules for the determination of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in drinking water by flame AAS. Amberlite XAD-2 functionalized with 4′-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-3′-methyl-1′-phenyl-2′-pyrazolin-5′-one (HPAPyr) was utilized for preconcentration/separation of these elements. The sorbent was prepared by two successive azo coupling reactions. First, 2-aminophenol was anchored to the amino groups in the resin resulted from nitration followed by reduction. Then, the resulted 2-aminophenol functionalized resin was further diazotized and coupled to the pyrazolone compound and the final product HPAPyr-XAD-2 was characterized by IR and elemental analysis. The optimum pH range for sorption, shaking time, exchange capacity, sample flow rate, preconcentration factor and interference from co-existing ions were investigated. All metal ions were quantitatively desorbed from the resin by 4.5 mol L−1 nitric acid solution. The sorbent provides limit of detection within the range 0.9–3.3 µg L−1 and concentration factor up to 250. The procedure was validated by analysis of certified material NIST-SRM 1577b. Application to drinking water showed satisfactory results with relative standard deviation RSD ≤ 8.5%. [...]
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Trace metal concentration in wild avian species from Campania, Italy

100%
Zaccaroni A., Niccoli C., Andreani G., Scaravelli D., Ferrante M., Lucisano A., Isani G.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 1
86-93
EN
This study was conducted to determine heavy metals concentrations in tissues of 94 birds belonging to different species from coastal areas of Naples and Salerno (Southern Italy) in order to provide baseline data concerning trace element levels in wild birds living in or close to an area characterized by high anthropogenic impact. Additional aim of this study was to verify if diet influenced metal accumulation, so birds were classified as birds of prey, fish eating birds and insectivorous birds. Kidney was the primary organ for Cd accumulation in all groups considered, Pb was accumulated preferentially in bone, whereas Hg showed high values in liver of fish eating birds. Zn showed the highest mean concentrations, while Cu levels were one order of magnitude less. The variance analysis with respect to feeding habits disclosed only a lower accumulation of Hg in insectivores with respect to the other groups. For all metals, the concentrations measured in tissues should be considered indicative of chronic exposure to low, “background” environmental levels and/or to the presence of low bioavailable metals in the environment. In addition, metal levels were not of toxicological concern, being always well below the toxic thresholds defined for each metal. [...]
6
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Reservoir recultivation versus forms of heavy metals in sediments: the case of the Kielce City Lake

100%
Rabajczyk A.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
357-366
EN
The Kielce Lake is a water reservoir located in the Kielce city zone. Areas around the reservoir are used for recreational, residential and industrial purposes. Additionally, the nearby state road to the city of Łódź, is a source of transportation pollution, including heavy metals. The reservoir is fed by a watercourse which receives municipal wastewater from the town of Masłów near Kielce. The amount and diversity of organic and inorganic compounds which flow into the reservoir causes heavy pollution of the Lake waters. To reduce the degree of reservoir pollution, a pulverizing aerator was installed in the middle of the Kielce Lake in May 2008. Sediment samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm between July 2008 and May 2010 at five sites in the littoral zone of the recultivation area. These environmental samples underwent a five-stage sequential extraction procedure, assisted by microwave radiation. The concentrations of trace metals Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, Fe and Cd in various extracts were determined by means of F-AAS and GF-AAS. The results have shown a high concentration of analytes in reservoir sediments.
7
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The use of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and diffusive gradient in thin films for heavy metals speciation in soil solution

88%
Dytrtová J., Šestáková I., Jakl M., Száková J., Miholová D., Tlustoš P.
Open Chemistry
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2008
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vol. 6
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issue 1
71-79
EN
In the soil solutions obtained in situ with suction cups from soils (Cambisol and Fluvisol) of pot experiment with Salix smithiana Smith, Lolium perenne L. and Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl heavy metals species (Cd, Pb and Cu) were assayed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and diffusive gradient in thin films. Prediction of accumulation performed best at free metal ion concentrations in unchanged pH (in 10−3 mol L−1 NaClO4 base electrolyte). The speciation provided by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry according to pH can provide a detailed description of the soil solution matrix. The concentration of free metals in unchanged pH represents a small part of the total content and varied from 0.04 to 0.75% with two exceptions found for accumulating plants (the content of Cd2+ in the soil solution from T. caerulescens was about 6% and the content of Cu2+ in the soil solution from S. smithiana was about 30%). The available concentration as determined by diffusive gradient in thin films was not in correlation with the heavy metals concentration in plant biomass. [...]
8
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Chemometric analysis of heavy metal content for various environmental matrices in terms of their use in biomass thermal processing

88%
Sajdak M., Pieszko C.
Open Chemistry
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2012
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vol. 10
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issue 5
1696-1706
EN
Chemometric analysis was performed to determine the heavy metal content, such as Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Fe, in 36 samples of Scots Pine taken from 9 locations within the Upper Silesian Industrial Basin. The samples, after being pre-processed, were examined for the above elements through the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The highest concentration of heavy metals was discovered in samples from Jaworzno. Based on the concentration assessment, the relationship between element quantity, sampling location, and matrix type has been determined, and definite element group co-existence has been confirmed and described. [...]
9
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Geochemical investigation of alluvial sediments: validation of ICP-OES determination of heavy metals. A case study from the Utrata River Valley (central Poland)

88%
Biro M., Kavšek D., Karasiński J., Szwarczewski P., Bulska E., Vončina D.
|
|
issue 6
687-699
EN
The development and validation of a reliable analytical procedure for the determination of selected metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn) in sediments accumulated in the Utrata River (Poland) is described. The aqua regia extraction followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for this purpose. The optimized analytical procedure was validated, and adequate quality control actions were implemented in order to provide reliable data. The precision under’ within-laboratory’ reproducibility conditions was estimated from duplicate analysis. Certified reference material (CRM) was used in order to evaluate the accuracy of the results regarding the sewage sludge amended soil CRM 143R. The detection limits for all elements of interest were well-below their content in the investigated sediment samples. The obtained reliable data could be used for assessment of the relationship between human economic activity in the past and the geochemical features of the sediments.
10
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A study on adsorption of metals by activated carbon in a large-scale (municipal) process of surface water purification

88%
Dabioch M., Skorek R., Kita A., Janoska P., Pytlakowska K., Zerzucha P., Sitko R.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 5
742-753
EN
Elements that enter the aquatic environment may pose a health risk to wildlife and humans. The aims of this study were: to determine how the introduction of activated carbon for a water purification system will improve the quality of the water produced; and to investigate the sorption of metals on activated carbons, including determination of the accumulation, as well as changes in concentrations of elements in carbons. The tests were carried out on three types of activated carbons with different granular structure. All samples were collected from Water Treatment Plant Goczalkowice, Poland. Concentrations of elements were measured using an optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma. The experiment showed that metals accumulating in the activated carbons during the operation included: Ca, Mn, Zn, and Cu. In each of the three types of carbons, it can distinguish such elements as Ba, Al, Cr, Ni, Ti, which are characterized by irregular accumulation during the operation of the filter. The introduction of carbon sorbent for water treatment largely contributed to improvement in the quality of raw material supplied to customers, mainly with regard to taste and smell, as well as to reduction of basic parameters: color, absorbance in the UV range and oxidability. [...]
11
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Assessment of heavy metals emission from traffic on road surfaces

88%
Pal S., Wallis S., Arthur S.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
314-319
EN
This study aims to analyse RDS heavy metal concentrations on road deposited sediment (RDS) using Riccarton Campus of Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland as a study site. RDS samples were collected at two transverse positions from different sites over a 4 month period in order to describe the influence of traffic on heavy metal emissions. The heavy metal concentrations of the RDS were determined by strong nitric acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations for Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 213, 57, 1, 16, 15, 118, and 13497 mg kg-1 from samples near to the curb and 211, 79, 2, 15, 9, 35, and 14276 mg kg−1 from samples 1 m from the curb respectively. Furthermore for both positions the highest concentrations for all metals were associated with the finer fraction (<63 µm) and stronger correlations between the metals were found further from the curb than near the curb, indicating that metals accumulating on the road surface further from the curb may likely be from the same source (traffic), while the sources of metals near the curb are more diverse.
12
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Influence of land development on heavy metal forms in the Bobrza River ecosystem (Świętokrzyskie Province, Poland)

88%
Rabajczyk A.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
326-336
EN
Metals are perceived as pollutants but they are also natural substances found in the environment. The surface water environment is under the influence of continuing industrial pollution/effluents. Therefore it is necessary to determine various metal forms present in each component of the water ecosystem. The study presents analysis for Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb content in the Bobrza River bottom deposits and water. The analysis of water and sediment samples from the Bobrza River taken from the littoral zone at three sampling points: the riverhead, i.e. the natural environment; Białogon - the acidic environment; and Sitkówka-Nowiny - the alkaline environment, were analyzed. Sample quality indicators were defined with pH value, conductivity, heavy metal content for water and suspended matter samples. The metal forms in river sediment were also analyzed. The sediment samples were subjected to Tessier’s five-stage sequential extraction procedure assisted by microwave radiation. Analyte concentration in water samples and in the extracts was determined with the use of F-AAS and GF-AAS techniques. The results obtained reveal a relationship between land development, the degree of metal bonding with suspended matter and metal forms found in river sediments.
13
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Surface properties of yeast cells during heavy metal biosorption

88%
Kordialik-Bogacka E.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
348-351
EN
Properties of metal solution, environmental conditions and the type of biomaterials (microorganism genus, species or even strain) influence the mechanism of metal biosorption and consequently metal adsorption capacity, affinity and specificity. Cell surface properties determine the metal-microorganism interactions to a large extent. In this work the relationship between yeast surface properties and yeast’s ability to bind cadmium, lead and copper was studied. Surface charge and hydrophobicity before and after biosorption were determined using dye retention and solvent partition assays, respectively. There were differences in the surface charge and relative hydrophobicity among different yeast strains. A higher metal adsorption capacity for more negatively charged yeast cells was observed. Biosorption of heavy metals resulted in modifications to the surface charge and hydrophobicity of yeast cells. However, there were not statistically significant changes in the yeast surface charge and hydrophobicity after binding of heavy metals depending on the nature of the metal, initial metal concentration and solution pH.
14
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New carbon from low cost vegetal precursors: acorn and cypress cone

88%
Toscano G., Cimino G.
Open Chemistry
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2013
|
vol. 11
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issue 12
2012-2021
EN
Thermal-treated carbons from acorn and cypress cone were prepared and characterized. The uptakes of heavy metal ions (Ag+, Cd2+ and Cr+3) and organics (phenol, methylene blue and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) from aqueous solution have been studied. Effects of activation by HCl and HNO3 acids on the sorption properties of these carbons were investigated by mass titration, sorption isotherms, IRS, SEM and XRS. The models of Langmuir and Freundlich do not represent our sorption data very well. An earlier proposed empirical correlation is applied successfully to carry out a parameter of comparison between the studied carbons. The acidic treatment changes the surface chemical properties of the two thermal-treated carbons lowering their sorption performances. The carbons show good capacities to uptake metals, phenol and methylene blue, but sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is removed from its solutions to minor extent. The up-taking properties are found similar to those of two worldwide used commercial grade carbons. [...]
15
Content available remote

Assessment of elemental contamination in the bottom sediments from a dam reservoir using a sequential extraction technique and chemometric analysis

88%
Dabioch M., Kita A., Zerzucha P., Pytlakowska K.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
|
issue 12
1981-1995
EN
The concentration of elements in sediments is an important aspect of the quality of water ecosystems. The element concentrations in bottom sediments from Goczalkowice Reservoir, Poland, were investigated to determine the levels, accumulation and distribution of elements; to understand the contamination and potential toxicity of elements; and to trace the possible source of pollution. Sediments were collected from 8 sampling points. The functional speciation, mobility and bioavailability of elements were evaluated by means of modified Tessier sequential extraction. The element contents were measured by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The experimental results were analyzed using chemometric methods such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis to elucidate the metal distributions, correlations and associations. The highest concentrations of most elements were found at the center of the reservoir. The distribution of metals in the individual fractions was varied. To assess the extent of anthropogenic impact indices, contamination factor, degree of contamination, metal pollution index and risk assessment code were applied. The calculated factors showed the highest contamination factor and the ability of chromium to be released from sediments. The degree of contamination showed that the area is characterized by a very high contamination. Strontium and manganese showed high potential ecological risk for sediments. [...]
16
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Removal of Pb and Cd from aqueous media and fish liver using novel polyurethane foam functionalized with pyrazolone as a new metal ion collector

88%
Burham N., Abdel-Azeem S. M., El-Shahat M. F.
Open Chemistry
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2009
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vol. 7
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issue 3
576-585
EN
In the present paper, an off-line preconcentration procedure for the determination of cadmium and lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is proposed. Polyurethane foam (PUF) functionalized with o-aminophenol (o-AP) followed by Pyrazolone (Pyr) packed in a minicolumn was used as a sorbent material. The metals were retained on the modified PUF, from which it could be eluted and effectively preconcentrated. The detection limits were 0.072 and 0.016 μg L−1 for Pb and Cd respectively. Enrichment factors were 250 and 319 for lead and cadmium respectively. The procedure has been applied successfully to metal determination in water samples, fish liver and reference material. [...]
17
Content available remote

A preliminary study on the effect of mineralization parameters on determination of metals in Viscum album species

88%
Blicharska E., Komsta Ł., Kocjan R., Gumieniczek A., Robak A.
Open Chemistry
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 2
264-268
EN
An increasing interest in determination of various macro- and microelements in medicinal plants has been observed. The majority of studies are carried out using one mineralization method without any optimization. The present study demonstrates that changes in mineralization parameters can significantly affect the recovery of the elements determined. In the study, the dried plant material was mineralized in 12 ways and iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn) levels were determined. The samples were mineralized in the dry or open microwave mode as well as 10 closed microwave modes. The influence of acid amounts, irradiation power and time, addition of hydrogen peroxide and perfluoric acid was examined. All parameters were shown to be critical - good efficiency was observed with larger amounts of acid. The determined content varied significantly in the same sample and were in the ranges (ug g−1): 46–136 (Fe), 1.4–11.8 (Cu), 4.0–11.3 (Ni), 15.4–53.8 (Zn) and 9.5–67.6 (Mn). Increased irradiation resulted in the loss of copper and zinc and better recovery of nickel. The results demonstrate that such determinations should include the mineralization optimization step. [...]
18
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Biosorption of heavy metals by Streptomyces species - an overview

88%
Mosbah R., Sahmoune M.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
|
issue 9
1412-1422
EN
Abstract Heavy metals, derived from industrial wastewater discharge, present a serious threat to human health and to natural water. Biosorption is regarded as a cost-effective biotechnology for the treatment of high volume and low concentration wastewaters containing heavy metal(s) in the order of 1 to 100 mg L−1. Among the biomaterials for heavy metal removal which have been researched during the past decades is the Streptomyces species, a by-product of an industrial antibiotic fermentation process. This paper describes the hazards posed by heavy metals effluents on the environment and use of various Streptomyces species to remove heavy metals from aqueous solution. Characterization of Streptomyces species, factors affecting biosorption, biosorption isotherms and biosorption kinetics is discussed. Graphical abstract [...]
19
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Selection of mineralised methods to analyse different types of matrices. Applying the Box-Cox transformation to chemometrics study the coexistence of heavy metals in natural samples

88%
Sajdak M., Pieszko C.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 4
610-618
EN
Chemometric methods are mostly used to optimise technological processes and analytical procedures. Applying chemometric methods in environmental tests may reveal relationships among chemical elements in biomes. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) are very helpful for detecting relationships among studied parameters. However, large amounts of data may have a negative effect on this analysis and can lead to misinterpretation of the results. This situation was observed when the samples, taken from several places in the Silesian Province, were used to test the relationship between heavy metals contained in various environmental matrices. Samples were collected from a small area and were characterised by a single biome (pine forest) because direct interpretation of PCA and CA was insufficient to correctly describe such data. The solution to this problem was the use of the Box-Cox transformation, which is a rapid method to normalise input data. [...] The application of chemometric tools enabled the relationships between sampling sites (industrialised and non-industrialised) to be examined and was very helpful in illustrating the relationship between the methodologies of plant preparation samples. Furthermore, the results may indicate the need for further data analysis. The tools described in this paper can be useful for choosing the optimal mineralisation method according to the type of test matrix.
20
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Zinc ion adsorption on carbon nanotubes in an aqueous solution

75%
Ansari A., Mehrabian M. A., Hashemipour H.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 3
29-37
EN
The literature devoted to numerical investigation of adsorption of heavy metal ions on carbon nanotubes is scarce. In this paper molecular dynamics is used to simulate the adsorption process and to investigate the effect of the infl uencing parameters on the rate of adsorption. The predictions of the molecular dynamics simulation show that the adsorption process is improved with increasing the temperature, pH of solution, the mass of nanotubes, and surface modifi cation of CNT using hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. The results predicted by the model are compared with the experimental results available in the literature; the close agreement validates the accuracy of the predictions. This study reveals that the water layers around the carbon nanotubes and the interaction energies play important roles in the adsorption process. The study also shows that electrostatic force controls the attraction of zinc ions on the nanotube sidewall.
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