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Startle response to short acoustic stimuli in rats

100%
Blaszczyk J. W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2003
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vol. 63
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issue 1
25-30
EN
The acoustic startle (ASR) is a transient motor response to an unexpected, intensive stimulus. The response is determined by stimulus parameters such as its intensity, rise time and duration. The dependence of the ASR on the stimulus duration is more complex than could be assumed from physical properties of acoustic pulse. This effect attracted the attention of few researchers. Some authors reported noticeable changes in the ASR amplitude only for very short (less than 4-6 ms) acoustic pulses. The systematic studies on the effect, however, have not been performed so far. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the ASR parameters are affected by the durations of the short stimulus. The amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex was assessed for a fixed tonal frequency (6.9 kHz), and for a variety of stimulus durations ranging between 2 and 10 ms. ASRs were studied in 11 adult, hooded rats exposed to a sequence of tone pulses (110 dB SPL) of different durations, presented in random order, with or without 70 dB white noise as a background. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between ASR amplitudes for different durations. The startle amplitude increased with acoustic pulse duration and distinguishable differences were seen for stimulus duration between 2 and 8 ms. Further increase of pulse duration had no effect on ASR amplitude. The same pattern of changes was observed when the acoustic stimulus was presented with the white noise. In the tested range of stimulus duration no significant differences in the ASR latency were found. The observed differences may be attributed to changes of stimulus acoustic energy and to physiological characteristic of auditory system in the rat.
2
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Konorski and conditional reflexes. A historical summary and an addendum

88%
Doty R. W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 66
|
issue 1
91-97
EN
There have been four major pioneers from Eastern Europe in the neuroscientific study of memory and learning: Pavlov, Bekhterev, Beritashvili and Konorski. The thinking of each evolved with the progress of neuroscientific knowledge throughout the world, and save for Pavlov, each encountered governmental opposition to their views. Among the clues largely overlooked in their examination of conditional reflexes was the fact that the animal appreciates not only its own appetitive state but its immersion in the experimental setting. The latter in itself must require considerable, ongoing neuronal activity to sustain it. There is also the question as to whether ?motivation' is an essential feature for the formation of conditional connections; and in cases where it is seemingly absent, as in recognition memory, the processes that underlie the astonishing efficacy of such memory formation remain almost wholly obscure. Finally, it is remarked that the cerebral cortex, as initially supposed, may indeed be the governing locus, even of such simple effects as habituation.
3
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Scopolamine imparis object exploration but not habituation in rats

88%
Lukaszewska I.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 1
243-250
EN
Memory of a novel object was examined in saline (Sal) and scopolamine (Scopo) treated rats (1.0 mg/kg). Scopo rats showed lower overall exploration time than Sal rats, resulting mainly from shorter durations per contanct. In a second exposure to the same object, after 1 min or 20 min interval, both groups displayed marked decrase of exploration indicating between-session habituation. The shorter time spent by Scopo rats on investigation of an object during a single approach might be interpreted as a deficit in maintenance of attention for Nevertheless, Scopo rats were able to acquire sufficient information for the retention during 20 min interval, as indicated by habituation, which is an elementary index of memory.
4
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Response to novelty of various types in laboratory rats

88%
Pisula W., Stryjek R., Nalecz-Tolak A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 66
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issue 3
235-244
EN
One purpose of the two studies reported here was to examine the reactions of rats to changes in the spatial arrangement of a familiarized environment under low stress conditions. The second purpose was to test the role of rats' experience with novelty. In Experiment I the novelty was manipulated by introducing new tunnels into one zone of the experimental chamber. The introduction of novelty took place after 11 habituation sessions. In Experiment II in the course of habituation sessions the experimental group of rats was subjected to a persistent change of tunnel arrangement in the experimental zone, whereas for the control group nothing changed. All animals reacted to the novelty with increased time spent in the experimental zone and decreased time spent in other zones. Both experiments show that under low stress conditions rats demonstrate a positive response toward novelty and that their previous experience with novelty does not affect that reaction.
5
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Habituation of the orienting response to auditory and visual stimuli in rats trained to press a bar

75%
Walasek G., Wesierska M., Zielinski K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1994
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vol. 54
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issue 2
133-141
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