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1

The systems of minisatellite DNA polymorphism detection and their applications in animal breeding

100%
Zawadzka M.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 4
62-79
EN
Simple tandem repetitive minisatellite regions of DNA show high level of polymorphism arising from differences in the number of the core sequences of the repeating units. Probes consisting of a core sequence of a minisatellite detect many highly variable DNA fragments (band pattern) by Southern blot hybridisation. Since DNA fingerprinting data are based on information from a large number of independent and biparentally inherited hypervariable loci, this technique enables to obtain much more genetic variation than other molecular techniques. Simultaneous screening of many polymorphic loci in the genome provides valuable information for a number of fields ranging from individual identification and determination of relationship to linkage analysis and population genetics. In this paper some applications of DNA fingerprinting systems to farm animal breeding were reviewed.
2

Genetic aspects of mastitis resistance in cattle

100%
Walawski K.
|
1999
|
vol. 40
|
issue 2
117-128
EN
Cattle breeding program for improvement of milk traits is accompanied by intensive changes in the structural and functional specificity of the animal organism. Assuming the hypothesis that the biological role of the female is to rear her progeny, it may be concluded that the extremely high milk productivity of the modern cow many-fold exceeds the physiological normal range. The mammary gland as a milk-producing highly effective bioreactor is exposed to the particularly strong influence of external and internal factors. Therefore, susceptibility to udder dysfunction generally called 'mastitis' causes great economical losses in highly productive cows. Mastitis is usually induced by a bacterial infection conveyed through the teat canal. The high variability of pathogens and diversity of environmental conditions cause difficulties in mastitis treatment. Antibiotic therapy does not give satisfactory results. Scientific research aims to recognize the heritable specificity of organism defence systems. Still, the currently used breeding selection procedures cannot be successful because natural resistance treated in categories of quantitative genetic variation shows a very low heritability and non-additive genotype-environment interaction. To overcome this problem, an alternative approach to detect a single gene with a high protective expression can be effective. The topics presented in this review include expression of lysozyme and lactoferrin in mammary gland tissue regarded as candidate gene for mastitis resistance as well as BoLA histocompatibility complex and milk protein polymorphic systems proposed as potential genetic markers of natural resistance in cattle.
3

Polymorphism of nine canine-derived microsatellites in farm silver foxes (Vulpes fulvus)

88%
Zajac M., Klukowska J., Slomski R., Switonski M.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2000
|
vol. 41
|
issue 1
43-50
EN
Polymorphism of nine canine-derived microsatellites (CPH1, CPH3, CPH6, CPH11, 2004, 2010, 2140,2168 and 2319) was studied in a group of 91 unrelated silver foxes kept on a commercial farm. Among the studied microsatellites two appeared to be dimorphic (CPH1 and 2140) and another two (2010 and 2319) were highly polymorphic, with PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) values of 0.775 and 0.692, respectively. Other five microsatellites demonstrated medium polymorphism and the PIC values ranged from 0.548 to 0.616. It was calculated that if all the studied markers were applied for paternity testing, then combined exclusion probability would be 0.989. Microsatellite polymorphisms in the silver fox, blue fox and dog were compared and tendency toward longer alleles in the dog was revealed. It was confirmed that canine-derived microsatellites can be successfully applied for parentage control and genome mapping in silver foxes.
4

Length polymorphism of PCR-amplified genomic fragments of the Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) gene family in the pig and some other domestic and wild mammals

75%
Szafranska B., Panasiewicz P. G., Panasiewicz G., Waclawik W. A., Waclawik A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2001
|
vol. 42
|
issue 3
335-349
EN
Porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein genes (pPAG) are known as a multigene family, in which five members have been cloned and sequences of their cDNAs identified. Porcine PAG1 and pPAG3 genes, belonging to the pPAG1-like subfamily, both encode enzymatically inactive precursors. In contrast, cDNAs of pPAG2, pPAG4 and pPAG6 represent the pPAG2-like gene subfamily, encoding enzymatically active precursors. The objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of both pPAG-like gene subfamilies in the pig in comparison to other domestic species, including cattle, sheep and goat (Artiodactyla), their wild relatives (red deer and wild pig) and horse (Perissodactyla). This is the first paper indicating the polymorphism of the pPAG gene family, examined by lengths of amplified genomic fragments (PCR). Obtained PCR products were analysed in relation to five characterised cDNAs of pPAGs (pPAG1-like and/or pPAG2-like subfamilies) and according to one recognised structural exon-intron organisation of the pPAG2 gene, among at least eight pPAG2-like genes expected in the porcine genome. The highest polymorphism frequency of both pPAG1- and pPAG2-like gene subfamilies was found in the second region, exons 5 and 6 (with intron E). The length of PCR-amplified genomic fragments was approximately: 1043, 700, 600 and 193 bp. A high polymorphism frequency was found in the 3?-terminal fragment, corresponding to exons 7-9 (with introns G and H), more frequent the pPAG2-like gene subfamily. The length of PCR-amplified genomic fragments was approximately: 733, 650 and 356 bp. In contrast, PAG polymorphism was not detected in another region, encompassing exons 2-4 (with introns B and C). The length of PCR-amplified genomic fragments was approximately 279 bp in all examined genomes. In conclusion, amplification of various regions of the PAG gene family presents a relatively inexpensive PCR method of animal pre-selection with different genotypes. Such a pre-selection of animals is helpful for further gene number inquiry of the PAG gene family in each animal, then in related generations. The obtained results provide a useful background for a genetic marker preparation (by Southern analysis of the PAG family) that will presumably enable an economical early selection of young animals for effective reproduction.
5

Comparative sequencing of genomes: generating of INDEL and SNP genetic markers

75%
Ziolkowski P. A., Babula-Skowronska D., Kaczmarek M., Ciesla A., Sadowski J.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 4
53-68
EN
Comparison of genome sequences has become an important approach to identify and understand biological significance of the variations and fluxes that occur through a genome. The main subject of the work concentrates on identification of indels and SNPs in large genomes and their potential application in biotechnology. Importantly, fine elaboration of genome structure and sequence polymorphism that results from resequencing promises to benefit breeding, biotechnology and medical research. The article also describes how the data extracted from comparative studies of genomes depends on phylogenetic distances of the species involved.
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