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1

Selenocysteine - 21st.amino acid of the universal genetic code

100%
Pawelkiewicz J.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 4
132-136
EN
Biosynthesis and properties of selenocysteine - 21st amino acid of the diverse genetic code are discussed.New structural pecularities of Sec-tRNA ser as mRNA are crucial for incorporation of selenocysteine into some proteins.Pseudoknot structure can be formed within mRNA and play a regulatory role in translation.
2

From accuracy in protein synthesis to cardiovascular disease: the role of homocysteine

100%
Jakubowski H.
Biotechnologia
|
2002
|
issue 3
39-52
EN
The non-protein amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) enters the first step of protein synthesis and forms an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-bound homocysteinyl adenylate (Hcy-AMP). Direct incorporation of Hcy into tRNA and protein is prevented by editing activities of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that convert Hcy-AMP into Hcy thiolactone. Editing of Hcy occurs in all cell types investigated, including human. S-Nitrosylation of Hcy prevents its editing by MetRS and allows formation of S-nitroso-Hcy-tRNAMet, as well as incorporation of Hcy into proteins at positions specified by methionine codons. This provides an example of how the genetic code can be expanded by invasion of the metionine coding pathway by Hcy. Hcy can also be incorporated into protein post-translationally by a facile reaction of Hcy thiolactone with ?-amino groups of protein lysine residues. Hcy is present in human blood proteins, such as hemoglobin, serum albumin, and ?-globulins. Hcy thiolactonase, a component of high-density lipoprotein, minimizes protein N-homocysteinylation. Incorporation of Hcy into protein provides plausible chemical mechanism by which elevated levels of Hcy contribute to human cardiovascular disease.
3

Theoretical meaning of DNA structure discovery

100%
Lastowski K.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 3
118-127
EN
The aspects of the importance (meaning) of the of are presented (1) theoretical-biological, (2) philosophical and (3) outlook of life illustrate the first aspect, the Root-Bernstein hypothesis of the origin of , the main idea of the central dogma of molecular biology, and quast-ergodic character of genetic code are described. For the second aspect, premise for the notion of a unit of living entities are presented. And for the third one, the universality and specificity of the genetic and the natural (ethnic) language rules are demonstrated.
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