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1
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Measurement of cognitive ability and thinking level of 10- and 13- year-old football players with football-specific tasks

100%
Kun I., Toth L.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 4
49-53
EN
Study aim: To assess whether in a special area, such as football, formal thinking may appear as early as at the age of 10 years.Material and methods: In total 50 children divided into three groups took part in the study: 10-year-old football players from the Premier League Team - level 1 (Group 1; n = 22), 10-year-old football players from the Football League Team - level 3 (Group 2; n = 13) and 13-year-old football players from the Premier League Team - level 1 (Group 3; n = 15). With the help of specific motor tests, the kinetic memory, level of thinking and technical level were assessed.Results: The 10-year-old children representing lower levels of football proficiency (Group 2) were significantly (p<0.05) inferior to their mates from the Premier League in both the level of thinking as well as in kinetic memory. No significant differences were found between members of Group 1 and Group 3 in any of the studied variables.Conclusions: The results support the thesis that 10-year-old children are able to use formal thinking in a particular area, such as football. To be aware of this would be of great importance to those experts who deal with selection and talent identification.
2
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Evaluation of fatigue in semi-professional football players: association between overtraining and physical fitness

100%
Nikolaidis P. T.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: overtraining (OT) has a detrimental effect on sport performance, but it is not clear to what extent it influences physical fitness. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between OT and physical fitness in football players. Material and methods: a sample of semi-professional male football players (n = 124) performed a series of anthropometric and physical fitness measurements, and completed the 54-item OT questionnaire of the French Society of Sports Medicine. Results: the OT score was significantly correlated with sit-and-reach test (SAR; rho = −0.20, p < 0.05), theoretical maximal velocity (v0; rho = −0.23, p < 0.05), theoretical maximal force (F0) of the force-velocity test (F-v test; rho = 0.25, p < 0.01) and mean power (Pmean) in W · kg−1 of the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT; rho = −0.20, p < 0.05). The comparison between OT quartiles revealed that the first quartile scored higher than the third quartile in SAR and in v0 (p < 0.05). The fourth quartile scored higher in F0 than the first, second and third quartiles (p < 0.05). The magnitude of these differences among groups was medium. Conclusions: the negative correlations between OT and physical fitness and the highest scores in fitness for the first OT quartile indicate a negative effect of OT on physical fitness (anaerobic capacity, maximal velocity and flexibility) of football players. In addition, because there is very limited prior relevant research on football players’ OT, our data can be used as reference for future research.
3
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Core stability of male and female football players

100%
Nikolaidis P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2010
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vol. 2
30-33
EN
Study aim: To investigate into core stability measures and to establish the preliminary normal data.Material and methods: Three groups of football players were studied: male players, members of an amateur club (Division IV; n = 20), female players, members of a Division I club (n = 28) and male adolescent club players (n = 17). They were subjected to 4 tests of core stability (muscular endurance of trunk flexors and extensors, and of left and right lateral bridge) at the beginning of the 2009/2010 season.Results: No significant between-group differences were found for trunk flexors endurance. Female players were significantly (p<0.01) superior to both male groups with respect to trunk extensors endurance and inferior with respect to flexors-to-extensors ratio.Conclusions: The results may have practical implications for football training and injury prevention.
4
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Cognitive support in teaching football techniques

100%
Duda H.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2009
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vol. 1
26-30
EN
Study aim: To improve the teaching of football techniques by applying cognitive and imagery techniques.Material and methods: Four groups of subjects, n = 32 each, were studied: male and female physical education students aged 20 - 21 years, not engaged previously in football training; male juniors and minors, aged 16 and 13 years, respectively, attending mastery School of Sports (football); their training experience amounted to 6 and 3 years, respectively. Every group was divided into two subgroups (n = 16 each) - control and experimental. All subjects underwent a course consisting of 40 sessions lasting 90 min each, once weekly. Before and at the end of study period the participants were subjected to 3 specific tests assessing their knowledge, motor fitness and game skills.Results: Subjects from all experimental groups achieved significantly (mostly p<0. 001) better results than the respective control groups in all three areas - knowledge, motor fitness and game skills. The levels of acquired knowledge significantly (p<0. 05 - 0. 001) correlated with specific motor fitness and game skills in all groups of subjects.Conclusions: Cognitive approach improves the results teaching football techniques and may serve as a valuable tool in training.
5
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Aggression and fouls in professional football

100%
Gümüşdağ H., Yıldıran İ., Yamaner F., Kartal A.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 3
67-71
EN
Study aim: To assess the frequency, timing, zone and player category of fouls and of aggressive behaviour in professional football.Material and methods: Video recordings of 17 matches played by one team out of 18 of the Turkish Football Super League with all other teams were analysed with the use of observational foul analysis form. The following criteria were considered: time, score of the match, zone, players' position and foul category. The fouls were analysed in 6 periods of a match, 15 min each. Foul location in the football field was analysed in four zones according to player's positions: Defence, Defence mid-zone, Offensive mid-zone and Attack.Results: Eleven out of 17 analyzed matches 11 were won, 3 were lost and 3 were even. A total of 652 fouls were recorded, mean numbers of fouls per match amounting to 24.2, 87.0 and 41.7 in won, lost and even matches, respectively. Most of the fouls (50.8%) were committed by middle zone players mostly in the defensive and offensive middle zones (33.9%). Only 1.2% of all fouls were unintentional, 11% were intentional, hostile, the other ones were intentional, instrumental.Conclusions: The fouls could be attributed to the social learning theory that values the environmental factor in the cognitive process of aggression. The presented results may be of help to football coaches and sport psychologists teaching players how to control aggression and how to play the game wit minimum harm while increasing their performance.
6
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The prevalence of injuries in professional Turkish soccer players

100%
Yamaner F., Gümüşdağ H., Kartal A., Gümüş M., Güllü A., Imamoğlu O.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 3
6-9
EN
Study aim: To assess the prevalence and anatomical sites of injuries in professional soccer players in one game season.Material and methods: A cohort of 510 professional male soccer players consisting of 48 goalkeepers, 194 defence players, 189 mid-field players and 79 forward players of the 1st and 2nd Turkish Professional Soccer Leagues in 2005-2006 season were requested to submit questionnaire reports on all injuries they experienced.Results: About 60% of all injuries pertained to lower extremities, another 25% to upper extremities, the most frequent being skin abrasions (about 24%). The percentage of players who sustained injuries was lowest among mid-field players (about 47%) compared with other categories (nearly 70%) but the average number of injuries per player was highest among them (8.1 vs. about 4.5). The risk of sustaining injury when playing a match amounted to 9.8% for mid-field players; that was significantly (p<0.01) lower (11.7 - 13.0%) than for other categories of players.Conclusions: Football injuries are the major factor affecting players' performance. Thus, appropriate strategies, aimed at reducing injuries, ought to be implemented.
7
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Effects of an eccentric training programme on hamstring strain injuries in women football players

88%
del Ama Espinosa G., Pöyhönen T., Aramendi J. F., Samaniego J. C., Emparanza Knörr J. I., Kyröläinen H.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: to test the hypothesis that an eccentric training programme applied on women football players would reduce the hamstring injury rate by improving thigh muscle balance and, particularly, hamstring strength. Material and methods: three football teams were recruited for this randomised controlled trial. They played in the first and second divisions in Spain. Players were randomised within clubs either to the intervention (eccentric exercises, n = 22) or control (control exercises, n = 21) groups, and randomisation was stratified according to previous history of thigh strains. The eccentric programme was divided into 3 phases, and each phase was composed of 7 weeks. Compliance level and all injuries were recorded throughout the season as well as training and game exposure times. Muscle strength and power of the lower extremities and flexibility of the hamstrings and lower back were measured before and after the intervention. Results: the risk for sustaining a hamstring strain (RSHS) was reduced by 81%. However, differences were not significant due to the low number of subjects (relative risk 0.19; 95% coefficient interval 0.02–1.50). The strength of the hamstrings decreased in both groups (p < 0.05), whereas sprint time was improved only in the intervention group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the present findings suggest that a simple program of eccentric exercise could reduce RSHS.
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