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Nucleotide substitutions in the Candida albicans ERG11 gene of azole-susceptible and azole-resistant clinical isolates

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Strzelczyk J., Ślemp-Migiel A., Rother M., Gołąbek K., Wiczkowski A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2013
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vol. 60
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issue 4
547-552
EN
One of the mechanisms of Candida albicans resistance to azole drugs used in antifungal therapy relies on increased expression and presence of point mutations in the ERG11 gene that encodes sterol 14α demethylase (14DM), an enzyme which is the primary target for the azole class of antifungals. The aim of the study was to analyze nucleotide substitutions in the Candida albicans ERG11 gene of azole-susceptible and azole-resistant clinical isolates. The Candida albicans isolates represented a collection of 122 strains selected from 658 strains isolated from different biological materials. Samples were obtained from hospitalized patients. Fluconazole susceptibility was tested in vitro using a microdilution assay. Candida albicans strains used in this study consisted of two groups: 61 of the isolates were susceptible to azoles and the 61 were resistant to azoles. Four overlapping regions of the ERG11 gene of the isolates of Candida albicans strains were amplified and sequenced. The MSSCP (multitemperature single strand conformation polymorphism) method was performed to select Candida albicans samples presenting genetic differences in the ERG11 gene fragments for subsequent sequence analysis. Based on the sequencing results we managed to detect 19 substitutions of nucleotides in the ERG11 gene fragments. Sequencing revealed 4 different alterations: T495A, A530C, G622A and A945C leading to changes in the corresponding amino acid sequence: D116E, K128T, V159I and E266D. The single nucleotide changes in the ERG11 gene did not affect the sensitivity of Candida albicans strains, whereas multiple nucleotide substitutions in the ERG11 gene fragments indicated a possible relation with the increase in resistance to azole drugs.
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Ocena stężenia ATP w Candida albicans w procesie tworzenia form kiełkujących

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Dróżdż M. M., Seget S. J., Czuba Z. P.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2018
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issue 72
240-243
EN
INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans (C. albicans) is part of the natural microbiota of the human body. At the same time, it is one of the most common causes of opportunistic systemic fungal infections. Candida albicans is a poly-morphic microorganism. The change in phenotype is related to the influence of environmental factors. Due to their polymorphic nature, these yeast-like forms can counter mechanisms of phagocytosis. The aim of the study is to eva-luate the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in the process of forming germ tube forms by C. albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Candida albicans reference strain ATCC 10231 was used for the study. An ATP assay kit by LKB Wallac was used to measure the ATP concentration. The Merck Millipore cell counter Scepter and cell density meter DensiLaMeter II were used to assess the cell count. RESULTS: The ATP concentration after 120 min was higher for C. albicans simulated with L-proline and D-glucose in reference to non-stimulated cells. The highest concentration of ATP was found in the C. albicans cells stimulated with L-proline. Moreover, in this case, the highest number of germ tube forms was found. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The formation of germ tube forms of C. albicans is accompanied by an increase in single cell ATP concentration. 2. Regardless of the type of stimulating substance used in the formation of C. albicans germ tube forms, there is an increase in ATP concentration in a single fungal cell.
PL
WSTĘP: Candida albicans (C. albicans) wchodzi w skład naturalnej mikroflory organizmu człowieka. Jednocześnie jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn oportunistycznych grzybic systemowych. Candida albicans jest drobnoustrojem polimorficznym. Zmiana fenotypu związana jest z oddziaływaniem czynników środowiskowych. Dzięki zdolnościom polimorficznym formy drożdżopodobne mogą przeciwstawić się mechanizmom fagocytozy. Celem pracy jest ocena stężenia ATP (adenosine triphosphate) w procesie tworzenia form kiełkujących przez C. albicans. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Do badań wykorzystano wzorcowy szczep C. albicans ATCC 10231. W pomiarach stężenia ATP wykorzystano ATP Assay Kit firmy LKB Wallac. Do oceny liczby komórek użyto urządzenia Scepter firmy Merck Millipore oraz densytometru DensiLaMeter II. WYNIKI: Stężenie ATP po 120 min było wyższe w przypadku komórek C. albicans stymulowanych L-proliną oraz D--glukozą niż w komórkach niestymulowanych. Największe stężenie ATP występowało w komórkach C. albicans poddanych stymulacji L-proliną. Również w tym przypadku występowała największa liczba form kiełkujących. WNIOSKI: 1. Tworzeniu form kiełkujących C. albicans towarzyszy wzrost stężenia ATP w pojedynczej komórce. 2. Niezależnie od rodzaju substancji stymulującej w procesie tworzenia form kiełkujących w C. albicans dochodzi do wzrostu stężenia ATP w przeliczeniu na pojedynczą komórkę grzyba.
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Differentiation by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) of Candida albicans isolated from upper respiratory tract in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

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Biernasiuk A., Korona-Głowniak I., Grzegorczyk A., Malm A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 4
727-729
EN
Cancer patients are predisposed to fungal infections caused by Candida albicans, especially to oral or respiratory tract candidiasis. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic diversity by RAPD-PCR (random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction) of C. albicans isolated from upper respiratory tract of 100 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Among 52 strains, 34 genotypes were defined. 10 clusters comprising 28 (53.85%) isolates with similarity coefficient ≥ 80% were formed. The remaining 24 (46.15%) isolates represented individual genotypes. The RAPD-PCR technique revealed genomic variability within C. albicans isolated from upper respiratory tract of the cancer patients.
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Characterization of two aminotransferases from Candida albicans

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Rząd K., Gabriel I.
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issue 4
903-912
EN
Aminoadipate aminotransferase (AmAA) is an enzyme of α-aminoadipate pathway (AAP) for l-lysine biosynthesis. AmAA may also participated in biosynthesis or degradation of aromatic amino acids and in d-tryptophan based pigment production. The AAP is unique for fungal microorganisms. Enzymes involved in this pathway have specific structures and properties. These features can be used as potential molecular markers. Enzymes catalyzing reactions of l-lysine biosynthesis in Candida albicans may also become new targets for antifungal chemotherapy. Search of the NCBI database resulted in identification of two putative aminoadipate aminotransferase genes from Candida albicans: ARO8 (ORFs 19.2098 and 19.9645) and YER152C (ORFs 19.1180 and 19.8771). ARO8 from C. albicans exhibits 53% identity to ARO8 from S. cerevisiae, while YER152C exhibits 30% identity to ARO8 and 45% to YER152C from S. cerevisiae. We amplified two genes from the C. albicans genome: ARO8 and YER152C. Both were cloned and expressed as His-tagged fusion proteins in E. coli. The purified Aro8CHp gene product revealed aromatic and α-aminoadipate aminotransferase activity. Basic molecular properties of the purified protein were determined. We obtained catalytic parameters of Aro8CHp with aromatic amino acids and aminoadipate (AA) (Km(L-Phe) 0.05±0.003 mM, Km(L-Tyr) 0.1±0.008 mM, Km(L-AA) 0.02±0.006 mM) and confirmed the enzyme broad substrate spectrum. The assays also demonstrated that this enzyme may use 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as amino acceptors. Aro8-CHp exhibited pH optima range of 8, which is similar to AmAA from S. cerevisiae. Our results also indicate that CaYer152Cp has a possible role only in aromatic amino acids degradation, in contrast to CaAro8CHp.
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In vitro susceptibility of oral Candida albicans isolates to chlorhexidine

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Biernasiuk A., Szymańska J., Kustra A., Korona-Głowniak I., Malm A.
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
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2018
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vol. 75
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issue 3
EN
Fungal infections are an important medical problem in patients from different risk groups. The majority of these infections are caused by Candida spp., with over 50 % due to C. albicans. The purpose of the study was to evaluate in vitro chlorhexidine effect on C. albicans colonizing the mouth and throat isolated from 5 population groups. The study material included the reference strains of C. albicans ATCC 2091 and C. albicans ATCC 10231, routinely used for evaluation of antimicrobials, and 120 clinical isolates of C. albicans from: hospitalized cancer patients (30 isolates), chronic HCV patients (31 isolates), immunocompromised patients (28 isolates), healthy school-age children (31 isolates), elderly people – aged 65 years or older (30 isolates). Chlorhexidine inhibited the growth of C. albicans at the concentrations of 0.625-5 µg/ml (in particular, 2.5 µg/ml solution was effective against strains from immunocompromised patients and 5 µg/ml – against the remaining isolates). The yeasts were also killed by 2.5-20 µg/ml chlorhexidine solutions. The concentration of 5 µg/ml was particularly active against the strains isolated from the elderly, immunocompromised and lung cancer patients, while 10 µg/ml inhibited the growth of the strains from the remaining two groups. Moreover, C. albicans isolates from hepatitis C patients and healthy children comparing to strains from the elderly were less sensitive to chlorhexidine fungicidal effect and these differences were statistically significant. According to our studies, the fungicidal effect of chlorhexidine seems to depend on the origin of the tested oral C. albicans strains from various patient groups.
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Nowe trendy w poszukiwaniu alternatywnych terapii przeciwgrzybiczych

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Gizińska M., Pytlak W., Lis M., Gad B., Staniszewska M.
Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna
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2019
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vol. 15
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issue 1
12-16
EN
The paper addresses the issue of fungal infections in the context of growing resistance to currently available antifungal agents and the development of new antimycotics. Fungal pathogens belonging to the genuses Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis and Cryptococcus account for about 90% of all fungal infections. Candida albicans infections are a global clinical problem, and systemic candidiasis is considered one of the most severe fungal infections, with mortality rates of about 40% despite treatment. Currently, there are five classes of antimycotics available, of which only three (azoles, echinocandins and polyenes) are used for systemic infections. The limited variety of available therapies as well as their overuse in both therapy and prevention have contributed to the growing resistance among fungal pathogens. Many mechanisms of resistance to antimycotics have been identified. These include in particular: mutations in genes encoding target proteins, increase or decrease in target protein, protein pump activity, biofilm formation or activation of stress response. The growing incidence of fungal infections and the difficulty of their treatment have forced the search for alternative therapeutic agents with new mechanisms of action. Due to the eukaryotic nature of fungal cells, recent trends in literature imply that novel agents should specifically target virulence factors or stress response of the pathogen.
PL
Niniejsza praca podejmuje tematykę zakażeń grzybiczych w kontekście narastającej oporności na dostępne leki przeciwgrzybicze oraz opracowywania nowych antymikotyków. Około 90% wszystkich zakażeń grzybiczych jest powodowanych przez grzyby należące do rodzajów: Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis oraz Cryptococcus. Zakażenia o etiologii Candida albicans stanowią globalny problem kliniczny, a kandydozy układowe uznawane są za jedne z cięższych rodzajów grzybic, w których śmiertelność pacjentów wynosi około 40% – pomimo podjęcia leczenia. Jak dotąd dostępnych jest pięć klas antymikotyków, z których jedynie trzy (azole, echinokandyny oraz polieny) stosuje się w zwalczaniu zakażeń układowych. Mała różnorodność dostępnych leków, a także ich nadużywanie w terapii i profilaktyce przyczyniły się do narastania oporności wśród patogenów grzybiczych. Zidentyfikowano szereg mechanizmów oporności na antymikotyki. Obejmują one w szczególności: mutacje w genach kodujących białka docelowe, zwiększenie lub zmniejszenie ilości białka docelowego, działanie pomp białkowych, tworzenie biofilmu czy aktywację odpowiedzi stresowej. Wzrastająca częstotliwość występowania grzybic oraz trudność ich leczenia wymuszają poszukiwanie alternatywnych terapeutyków, o nowych mechanizmach działania. Ze względu na eukariotyczny charakter komórek grzybiczych najnowsze trendy w literaturze przedmiotu sugerują, aby mechanizm działania nowych leków ukierunkować specyficznie na czynniki zjadliwości lub na odpowiedź stresową patogenu.
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Prioritizing and modelling of putative drug target proteins of Candida albicans by systems biology approach

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Ismail T., Fatima N., Muhammad S., Zaidi S., Rehman N., Hussain I., Tariq N. u., Amirzada I., Mannan A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2018
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vol. 65
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issue 2
209-218
EN
Candida albicans (Candida albicans) is one of the major sources of nosocomial infections in humans which may prove fatal in 30% of cases. The hospital acquired infection is very difficult to treat affectively due to the presence of drug resistant pathogenic strains, therefore there is a need to find alternative drug targets to cure this infection. In silico and computational level frame work was used to prioritize and establish antifungal drug targets of Candida albicans. The identification of putative drug targets was based on acquiring 5090 completely annotated genes of Candida albicans from available databases which were categorized into essential and non-essential genes. The result indicated that 9% of proteins were essential and could become potential candidates for intervention which might result in pathogen eradication. We studied cluster of orthologs and the subtractive genomic analysis of these essential proteins against human genome was made as a reference to minimize the side effects. It was seen that 14% of Candida albicans proteins were evolutionary related to the human proteins while 86% are non-human homologs. In the next step of compatible drug target selections, the non-human homologs were sequentially compared to the human microbiome data to minimize the potential effects against gut flora which accumulated to 38% of the essential genome. The sub-cellular localization of these candidate proteins in fungal cellular systems indicated that 80% of them are cytoplasmic, 10% are mitochondrial and the remaining 10% are associated with the cell wall. The role of these non-human and non-gut flora putative target proteins in Candida albicans biological pathways was studied. Due to their integrated and critical role in Candida albicans replication cycle, four proteins were selected for molecular modeling. For drug designing and development, four high quality and reliable protein models with more than 70% sequence identity were constructed. These proteins are used for the docking studies of the known and new ligands (unpublished data). Our study will be an effective framework for drug target identifications of pathogenic microbial strains and development of new therapies against the infections they cause.
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Selected mechanisms of molecular resistance of Candida albicans to azole drugs

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Gołąbek K., Strzelczyk J., Owczarek A., Cuber P., Ślemp-Migiel A., Wiczkowski A.
|
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issue 2
247-251
EN
A phenomenon of increasing resistance of Candida spp. to azoles has been observed for several years now. One of the mechanisms of lack of sensitivity to azoles is associated with CDR1, CDR2, MRD1 genes (their products are active transport pumps conditioning drug efflux from pathogen's cell), and ERG11 gene (encoding lanosterol 14α-demethylase). Test material was 120 strains of Candida albicans (60 resistant and 60 susceptible to azole drugs) obtained from clinical samples. The first stage of experiment assessed the expression of CDR1, CDR2, MDR1 and ERG11 genes by Q-PCR. The impact of ERG11 gene's mutations on the expression of this gene was analysed. The final stage of the experiment assessed the level of genome methylation of Candida albicans strains. An increase in the expression of CDR2, MDR1 and ERG11 was observed in azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans in comparison to strains sensitive to this class of drugs. Furthermore, 19 changes in the sequence of ERG11 were detected in tested strains. Four of the discovered mutations: T495A, A530C, G622A and A945C led to the following amino acid substitutions: D116E, K128T, V159I and E266D, respectively. It has also been found that statistically five mutations: T462C, G1309A, C216T, C1257T and A945C affected the expression of ERG11. The applied method of assessing the level of methylation of Candida albicans genome did not confirm its role in the development of resistance to azoles. The results indicate however, that resistance of Candida albicans strains to azole drugs is multifactorial.
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Consequences of lysine auxotrophy for Candida albicans adherence and biofilm formation

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Gabriel I., Rychłowski M.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 2
323-329
EN
A number of factors are known to be involved in Candida albicans virulence, although biofilm development on the surfaces of indwelling medical devices is considered to promote superficial or systemic disease. Based on previously reported up-regulation of saccharopine and acetyllysine in biofilm cells and activation of the lysine biosynthesis/degradation pathway, we investigated the consequences of Candida albicans lysine auxotrophy on adhesion to host tissues and biofilm formation. Our data indicate that mutant strains lysΔ21/lysΔ22, defective in homocitrate synthase, and lysΔ4, defective in homoaconitase activity (the first two α-aminoadipate pathway enzymes), are able to adhere to mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (cell line NIH/3T3) to the same extent as a control strain SC5314. On the other hand, the auxotrophic mutant strains' development on mouse fibroblast monolayers was significantly reduced up to 5 h post infection. Although invasion into human-derived oral epithelial cells was unaltered, both mutant strains formed a significantly different biofilm architecture and demonstrated diminished viability during long term biofilm propagation.
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Fenotypowa plastyczność dimorfi cznych form Candida albicans

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Trzaska D., Kocot-Warat M., Czuba Z.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2011
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vol. 65
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issue 4
83-89
EN
The yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a harmless member of the normal microfl ora on the mucosal surfaces of most healthy persons, but it can cause severe opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients. To become a successful human commensal and pathogen C. albicans has evolved host adaptation mechanisms on diff erent levels. The regulated expression of virulence and other genes in response to environmental signals allows an optimal adaptation to new host niches during the course of an infection. Moreover, C. albicans is able to morphological switch between diff erent cell types (budding yeast, pseudohyphal and elongated hyphal forms) in a reversible and apparently random fashion. Several attributes of C. albicans have been shown to be important for its pathogenity. These include the abilities of C. albicans to adhere to host cell through adhesins on the cell surface, penetration, and colonization to host cell, dimorphism, phenotypic switching, modifi cation antigens, changeability of colony, antiphagocytic activity of cell wall, production and secrete cytotoxic extracellular enzymes, like: proteinases, lipases, phosphatases, phospholipases, which can destroy protective barriers in host immune system. Phenotypic switching C. albicans cells involves the coordinated regulation of phase-specifi c genes, and the resulting generation of selected, pre-programmed cell types may represent an additional strategy to adopt to certain host environments.
PL
Drożdże Candida albicans (C. albicans) stanowią nieszkodliwy element prawidłowej mikroflory powierzchni śluzowych większości zdrowych osób, ale mogą także powodować poważne oportunistyczne infekcje u pacjentów z zaburzeniami układu immunologicznego. Candida albicans rozwinął mechanizmy adaptacji do organizmu gospodarza, umożliwiające jego przemianę z komensalnego do skutecznego patogenu. Ekspresja genów wirulencji regulowana w odpowiedzi na sygnały środowiskowe, umożliwia optymalne dostosowanie się do nowych nisz, jakie stwarza organizm gospodarza podczas infekcji. Ponadto C. albicans wykazuje zdolność do morfologicznej przemiany między różnymi typami komórek (pączkujących drożdży, pseudostrzępek i wydłużonych form strzępek) w odwracalny i pozornie przypadkowy sposób. Wśród czynników wirulencji C. albicans istotne znaczenie ma zdolność do adhezji do komórek gospodarza przez adhezyny na ich powierzchni, następnie penetracji i kolonizacji komórek gospodarza, zdolność do morfologicznej transformacji komórek drożdży, dimorfizmu, modyfikowania antygenów powierzchniowych, antyfagocytarnego działania ściany komórkowej, produkcji i wydzielania zewnątrzkomórkowych enzymów cytotoksycznych, takich jak: proteinazy, lipazy, fosfatazy, fosfolipazy, które niszczą bariery ochronne w układzie odpornościowym gospodarza. Fenotypowa przemiana komórek C. albicans wymaga skoordynowanej regulacji genów fazowo-specyficznych, powodując generację wstępnie zaprogramowanych typów komórek, przez co może reprezentować dodatkową adaptacyjną strategię względem środowiska gospodarza.
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Enzymatic profile, adhesive and invasive properties of Candida albicans under the influence of selected plant essential oils

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Budzyńska A., Sadowska B., Więckowska-Szakiel M., Różalska B.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 1
115-121
EN
The influence of essential oils (EOs) used at sublethal level, on the presence and intensity of Candida albicans virulence factors was evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Lemon balm, Citronella, Geranium and Clove oils were established as 0.097% (v/v). Using the agar plates with substrates for proteases, phospholipases and hemolysins it was shown that C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. albicans ATCC 90028 strains differed in the type and amount of enzymes produced. No significant difference in their total amount could be detected after pretreatment for 24 h with EOs at ½ MIC. However, the short-term (1 h) acting oils at MIC caused a statistically significant reduction in this activity. In the API ZYM test it was demonstrated that both strains exhibited activity of the same 9 out of 19 enzyme types and that EOs caused a significant decrease in the release of some of them. In the presence of subMIC of EOs, or when the fungus had previously been exposed to the MIC of oil, germ tubes formation was significantly and irreversibly reduced. Such C. albicans spotted on the Spider agar containing EOs at subMICs were unable to penetrate the agar. A significant decrease in the C. albicans adhesion to the fibroblast monolayer with respect to controls was also demonstrated when yeasts had been exposed to EOs at MIC (1 h) in liquid medium. Thus, it has been shown that tested oils, used even at subMIC, exhibit significant activity reducing the presence/quantity of important C. albicans virulence factors.
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Inactivation of α1-proteinase inhibitor by Candida albicans aspartic proteases favors the epithelial and endothelial cell colonization in the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps

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Gogol M., Ostrowska D., Klaga K., Bochenska O., Wolak N., Aoki W., Ueda M., Kozik A., Rapala-Kozik M.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 1
167-175
EN
Candida albicans, a causative agent of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, uses ten secreted aspartic proteases (SAPs) to deregulate the homeostasis of the host organism on many levels. One of these deregulation mechanisms involves a SAP-dependent disturbance of the control over proteolytic enzymes of the host by a system of dedicated proteinase inhibitors, with one important example being the neutrophil elastase and alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI). In this study, we found that soluble SAPs 1-4 and the cell membrane-anchored SAP9 efficiently cleaved A1PI, with the major cleavage points located at the C-terminal part of A1PI in a close vicinity to the reactive-site loop that plays a critical role in the inhibition mechanism. Elastase is released by neutrophils to the environment during fungal infection through two major processes, a degranulation or formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Both, free and NET-embedded elastase forms, were found to be controlled by A1PI. A local acidosis, resulting from the neutrophil activity at the infection sites, favors A1PI degradation by SAPs. The deregulation of NET-connected elastase affected a NET-dependent damage of epithelial and endothelial cells, resulting in the increased susceptibility of these host cells to candidal colonization. Moreover, the SAP-catalyzed cleavage of A1PI was found to decrease its binding affinity to a proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8. The findings presented here suggest a novel strategy used by C. albicans for the colonization of host tissues and overcoming the host defense.
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Frequency and Incidence of Bacterial Infection in the Female Reproductive System

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Adesina O. B., Oke E. i.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2024
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vol. 52
126-138
EN
This study aimed to assess the frequency and incidence of bacterial infections in the female reproductive system, particularly focusing on vaginal infections. The research involved the analysis of high vaginal swab and urine samples from a population of women presenting with various gynecological concerns. Notably, the study investigated the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), candida, and trichomonas in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Several crucial findings emerged from the research. First, there was a high prevalence of pus cells (90.0%) observed, which could indicate underlying inflammation or infection. Concurrently, yeast cells were detected in a substantial 86.0% of cases, suggesting a notable presence of yeast infections among the study participants. Age-wise analysis revealed an intriguing pattern, with the 26-30 age group standing out in terms of significant bacterial growth. This age group recorded the highest count of samples with such growth (15), potentially highlighting a higher susceptibility to bacterial infections within this demographic. Candida albicans emerged as a dominant microorganism with a frequency of 47.6%, implying a significant presence of this yeast and potential fungal infections within the study population. The study examined antibiotic sensitivity patterns among bacterial isolates. This analysis underscored the need for tailored antibiotic treatments, as there were varying degrees of sensitivity and resistance to different antibiotics among the isolates. The findings emphasize the importance of personalized approaches to antibiotic therapy based on the specific bacterial species and their susceptibility patterns. This study contributes valuable insights into the frequency and incidence of bacterial infections in the female reproductive system. The prominent tables, including the prevalence of pus and yeast cells, the age-specific susceptibility to bacterial infections, the dominance of C. albicans, and the antibiotic sensitivity patterns, collectively enhance our understanding of women's reproductive health and emphasize the significance of individualized medical interventions.
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The effect of thyme and tea tree oils on morphology and metabolism of Candida albicans

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Rajkowska K., Kunicka-Styczyńska A., Maroszyńska M., Dąbrowska M.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 2
305-310
EN
Members of Candida species cause significant problems in medicine and in many industrial branches also. In order to prevent from Candida sp. development, essential oils are more and more frequently applied as natural, non-toxic, non-pollutive and biodegradable agents with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The aim of the research was to determine changes in morphology and metabolic properties of Candida albicans in the presence of thyme and tea tree oils. Changes of enzymatic activity of isolates were observed in the presence of both tested essential oils, and they were primarily associated with loss or decrease of activity of all enzymes detected for control. Furthermore, only for 3 out of 11 isolates additional activity of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-mannosidase, α-fucosidase and trypsin was detected. Vivid changes in biochemical profiles were found after treatment with tea tree oil and they were related to loss of ability to assimilate d-xylose, d-sorbitol and d-trehalose. The main differences in morphology of isolates compared to the control strain concerned formation of pseudohyphae structures. Both examined essential oils caused changes in cell and colony morphology, as well as in the metabolism of Candida albicans. However, the extent of differences depends on the type and concentration of an essential oil. The most important finding is the broad spectrum of changes in yeast enzymatic profiles induced by thyme and tea tree oils. It can be supposed that these changes, together with loss of ability to assimilate saccharides could significantly impact Candida albicans pathogenicity.
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The action of ten secreted aspartic proteases of pathogenic yeast Candida albicans on major human salivary antimicrobial peptide, histatin 5

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Bochenska O., Rapala-Kozik M., Wolak N., Aoki W., Ueda M., Kozik A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 3
403-410
EN
Candida albicans, belonging to the most common fungal pathogens of humans, exploits many virulence factors to infect the host, of which the most important is a family of ten secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) that cleave numerous peptides and proteins, often deregulating the host's biochemical homeostasis. It was recently shown that C. albicans cells can inactivate histatin5 (His5), a salivary histidine-rich anticandidal peptide, through the hydrolytic action of Saps. However, the current data on this subject are incomplete as only four out of ten Saps have been studied with respect to hydrolytic processing of His5 (Sap2, Sap5, Sap9-10). The aim of the study was to investigate the action of all Saps on His5 and to characterize this process in terms of peptide chemistry. It was shown that His5 was degraded by seven out of ten Saps (Sap1-4, Sap7-9) over a broad range of pH. The cleavage rate decreased in an order of Sap2>Sap9>Sap3>Sap7>Sap4>Sap1>Sap8. The degradation profiles for Sap2 and Sap9 were similar to those previously reported; however, in contrast to the previous study, Sap10 was shown to be unable to cleave His5. On a long-time scale, the peptide was completely degraded and lost its antimicrobial potential but after a short period of Sap treatment several shorter peptides (His1-13, His1-17, His1-21) that still decreased fungal survival were released. The results, presented hereby, provide extended characteristics of the action of C. albicans extracellular proteases on His5. Our study contribute to deepening the knowledge on the interactions between fungal pathogens and the human host.
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Investigation of the correlation between virulence factors and genotypic profiles of Candida albicans isolated from turkeys

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Sokół I., Gaweł A., Bobrek K.
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 1
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