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1
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Vaccination in children with cancer: a debate

100%
Battista A., Ruggiero A., Coccia P., Arena R., Attinà G., Riccardi R.
Open Medicine
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2012
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vol. 7
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issue 2
137-141
EN
Children with malignancy present an important alteration of the immune system functionality caused by the illness itself and by the therapy they undergo. Therefore, they are at high risk of contracting vaccine-preventable diseases and of developing important complications. Vaccinations represent valid devices against these infections but this condition involves two main problems: are vaccines safe in these patients? Are vaccines effective in these patients? The aim of this review is to discuss the principles of vaccination management in children with cancer.
2
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RNA interference and its therapeutic potential

100%
Ghosal A., Kabir A., Mandal A.
Open Medicine
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 2
137-147
EN
RNA interference is a technique that has become popular in the past few years. This is a biological method to detect the activity of a specific gene within a cell. RNAi is the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA to specifically target a gene’s product resulting in null or hypomorphic phenotypes. This technique involves the degradation of specific mRNA by using small interfering RNA. Both microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) are directly related to RNA interference. RNAi mechanism is being explored as a new technique for suppressing gene expression. It is an important issue in the treatment of various diseases. This review considers different aspects of RNAi technique including its history of discovery, molecular mechanism, gene expression study, advantages of this technique against previously used techniques, barrier associated with this technique, and its therapeutic application.
3
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Anticancer and Antioxidant Phytochemicals as Speed Breakers in Inflammatory Signaling

100%
Olajide P. A., Adetuyi O. A., Omowumi O. S., Adetuyi B. O.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 44
231-259
EN
A causal association between inflammation and cancer has long been suspected. Multiple lines of compelling evidence from clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory studies support that inflammation plays a critical role in the promotion and progression stages of carcinogenesis. Recent progress in our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer highlights the intracellular signal transduction network, including that involved in mediating the inflammatory response, which often functions abnormally during carcinogenesis. One of the key players in inflammatory signaling is cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Aberrant upregulation of COX-2 is frequently observed in various precancerous and malignant tissues. This seminar write-up highlights the cancer preventive effects of some anti-inflammatory phytochemicals derived from edible plants, and their underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on representative transcription factors and upstream kinases responsible for COX-2 induction.
4
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Melanocortin system in cancer-related cachexia

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Bienertová-Vašků J., Bienert P., Valík D., Vašků A.
Open Medicine
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 5
550-557
EN
The melanocortin system plays a pivotal role in the regulation of appetite and energy balance. It was recognized to play an important role in the development of cancer-related cachexia, a debilitating condition characterized by progressive body wasting associated with anorexia, increased resting energy expediture and loss of fat as well as lean body mass that cannot be simply prevented or treated by adequate nutritional support. The recent advances in understanding of mechanisms underlying cancer-related cachexia led to consequent recognition of the melanocortin system as an important potential therapeutic target. Several molecules have been made available for animal experiments, including those with oral bioavailability, that act at various checkpoints of the melanocortin system and that might confer singificant benefits for the patients suffering from cancer-related cachexia. The application of melanocortin 4 receptor antagonists/agouti-related peptide agonists has been however restricted to animal models and more pharmacological data will be necessary to progress to clinical trials on humans. Still, pharmacological targeting of the melanocortin system seem to represent an elegant and promising way of treatment of cancer-related cachexia.
5
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Assessment of chemotherapy-induced anemia in children with cancer

88%
Ruggiero A., Attinà G., Haber M., Coccia P., Lazzareschi I., Riccardi R.
Open Medicine
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2008
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vol. 3
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issue 3
341-345
EN
Anemia is a common cause of co-morbidity in children with cancer. We reviewed a series of 124 children with non-metastatic cancer to assess the relationship between chemotherapy intensity, severe anemia, and frequency of transfusion. In more than 60% of children who received intensive chemotherapy, transfusions were prescribed compared to 38% and 21% of children treated with standard and mild chemotherapy, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that the intensity and duration of chemotherapy constitute important factors in determining the onset of anemia.
6
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A rare case of renal and uterine clear cell carcinoma: Which is the primary tumour?

88%
Ho C., Anuar N., Nurismah M., Singam P., Goh E., Zainuddin Z.
Open Medicine
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 2
247-249
EN
Renal cell carcinoma to the uterus is rare. We describe a 52-year old lady who presented with progressive abdominal distension and computerized tomogram scan of the abdomen showing two pathologies; uterine and right renal tumour. It was initially thought to be two distinct tumours (double pathology). Radical nephrectomy and total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed concurrently. Histopathological evaluation of the uterine and right renal tumour however surprised us with a rare form of metastasis from a renal tumour to the uterus. The method of differentiating primary renal cell carcinoma with uterine metastasis, from primary uterine carcinoma with renal metastasis, via immunohistochemistry, is described.
7
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Reliability and validity of the EORTC QLQ-C30 in palliative care cancer patients

88%
Jocham H., Dassen T., Widdershoven G., Halfens R.
Open Medicine
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2009
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vol. 4
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issue 3
348-357
EN
Palliative care aims at improving the patient’s quality of life. The assessment of this quality of life (QoL) is crucial for the evaluation of palliative care outcome. Many patients require hospital admissions for symptom control during their cancer journey and most of them die in hospitals, although they would like to stay at home until the end of their lives. In 1986, the European Organization for Research and Treatment (EORTC) initiated a research programme to develop an integrated, modular approach for evaluating the quality of life of patients participating in international clinical trials. This questionnaire measures cancer patients’ physical, psychological and social functions and was used in a wide range of clinical cancer trials with large numbers of research groups and also in various other non-trial studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties, especially the reliability, validity and applicability of the EORTC QLQ-C30 in a German sample of terminally ill cancer patients receiving palliative care in different settings. The questionnaire was well accepted in the present patient population. Scale reliability was good (pre-treatment 0.80) especially for the functional scale. The results support the reliability and validity of the QLQ-C30 (version 3.0) as a measure of the health-related quality of life in German cancer patients receiving palliative care treatment.
8
Content available remote

Predictions of cancer incidence in Poland in 2019

88%
Wojtyś P., Godlewski D., Antczak A.
Open Medicine
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 2
185-191
9
Content available remote

Predictions of cancer mortality in Poland in 2020

88%
Wojtyś P., Antczak A., Godlewski D.
Open Medicine
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 5
667-675
10
Content available remote

Timely identification of children with cancer

75%
Starke S., Weber A., Fest S., Fischer L., Christiansen H.
Open Medicine
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 6
697-706
EN
Background. Cancer in childhood is rare, but nevertheless one of the most frequent causes of disease related death. Initial symptoms are often unspecific, frequently leading to a delay of cancer diagnosis. As a timely diagnosis can be crucial for the clinical outcome, our aim is to point out when unspecific symptoms should be considered suspect of being associated with specific cancer entities. Data sources. A systematic literature research in PubMed and current biliographies, as well as an evaluation of published epidemiologic data was performed. Results. This article reviews the typical presenting features and epidemiologic characteristics of the more common childhood malignancies, elucidates when specific and virtually unspecific symptoms require further evaluation, and gives advice how to start a rational diagnostic workup. Furthermore, genetic syndromes requiring increased watchfulness for cancer in childhood are demonstrated. Conclusion. Patients showing suspect symptoms should early be referred to specialized centres to assure optimal diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
11
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A review on cancer treatment and the risk developing severe mental illness

75%
Olagunju A. S.
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EN
Cancer, the second primary cause of death for patients with serious mental illness (SMI) continues to be responsible for over 14 million new cases and approximately 8 million cases annually. Delays in diagnosis and unequal access to cancer care contribute to cancer mortality that is two to fourfold higher in people with SMI than in the general populace. Severe mental illness is an emotional, mental and behavioural disorder leading to a serious impairment and ultimately has major effect of life activities. Patients with the history of severe mental illness are at high risk of incurable cancer via a number of factors including overshadowing of diagnosis, low socioeconomic level and fragmented healthcare. Likewise, individual diagnosed and undergoing cancer therapy are prone to develop mental illness as an aftermath of chemotherapy. Averagely, patients with serious mental illness, for example bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, die 15-20 years earlier than the general populace, and thus widening the mortality gap. The primary causes of death for this population include cancer and cardiovascular disease, signifying that access to appropriate and timely precautionary services could help decrease untimely deaths. Also, severe mental illness can be effectively managed with increased access to mental-based treatment services to reduced related morbidity. Therefore, having a better understanding of subjects regarding early detection of cancer, mental health treatment/management and the association between these, could have a significant step in detecting possible causes of early mortality in patients with SMI.
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