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Soluble cytokine receptors are more general phenomena and play a wider physiological role in the regulation of the immune system than previously recognized. Soluble TNF receptors - sTNF-Rp55 and sTNF-Rp75 by ability to bind to free TNF-a might play a regulatory role in a variety of normal and abnormal reactions mediated by TNF-a. Increase of sTNF-Rs levels have been observed in the serum of patients with a different diseases. Measurement of soluble TNF receptors concentrations seems to be a significant indicator in prognostic estimation of some diseases. Additionally, bioengineered soluble receptors may prove useful as specific cytokine-inhibiting therapeutic agents.
EN
Every tumor cell is equipped with an array of biologically active surface molecules, and several these function as receptors for various ligands. They include MHC, or in the case of humans, HLA antigens, cytokine receptors, cell-adhesion molecules, growth factor receptors, Fas/Fas-ligand molecules and others. Their expressions are a subject to alterations, usually to the advantage of tumor growth and spread. Some appear on tumor cells de novo, having no counterparts on the respective normal cells. Detailed knowledge about the expression of tumor-cell receptors and their genotypes, in particular of cancerous ones, may provide information essential for the creation of tools for specific tumor immunotherapy.
EN
Various cytokines can induce similar biological effects in one type of cells (shared biological activity - redundancy). However, particular cytokine can also act on different tissues and cell types (multiple biological activity - pleiotropy). The functional redundancy and pleiotropy might be explained by binding of related cytokines to a common subunit of the receptor that have unique signalling capacity. Specificity of signal transduction is presumably controlled by the intracytoplasmic structure of the subunit chain, the level of activity of cytoplasmic signal molecules as well as combinations of the receptor subunits on the different type of cells.
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