Congenital heart defect (CHD) is one of the most common type of fetal malformations. Tissue-Doppler imaging, dynamic threedimensional (4D) echocardiography and fetal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are advanced modalities for the assessment of cardiac structure and function. MRI can study the cardiac morphology using T2-weighted half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo sequence (HASTE) and steady-state free precession (True FISP) sequences. Also a dynamic study can be performed, through the acquisition of cine-MR sequences with real-time steady-state free precession (SSFP) oriented according to the standard projections used in fetal echocardiographic scanning. If the challenges relating to motion and cardiac gating can be overcome, MRI has the potential to provide high-resolution imaging of the fetal heart.
The paper presents a description of the development of the human heart based on the present state of knowledge cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Despite the complexity of the genetic mechanisms described, the authors emphasize that it may be just a slice patterns in kardiogenezie. Aberrations and mutations lead to the formation of congenital heart defects in both isolated and components of genetic syndromes.
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