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The application of the CSB to the prediction of single step reactions and reaction pathways

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Nowak G., Fic G.
Open Chemistry
|
2004
|
vol. 2
|
issue 4
598-616
EN
Applications of the CSB (Common-Sense Builder) system for the logic-oriented and knowledge-assisted simulation of chemical reaction courses are described. We present the possibility of using the CSB for two ways of reaction simulation, i.e., as a multi-step process or as single step procedure. Results of the first simulation type are given to predict the course, and to model reaction mechanism. The second one is capable of complex chemical transformations such as multi-component and cascade reactions to generate structurally diverse products for combinatorial chemistry. In several experiments performed, we analyze the capabilities and limitations of the CSB modules and controlling tools for the examination and selective generation of solutions.
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Navigated versus conventional drilling of the knee in a model of obesity

100%
Beckmann J., Tingart M., Goetz J., Anders S., Grifka J., Kock F.
Open Medicine
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2008
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vol. 3
|
issue 1
89-95
EN
Core decompression by exact drilling into ischemic lesions of the femoral condyle stays a challenging procedure, particularly in obese patients. The precision of fluoroscopically-based drilling compared to conventional drilling was evaluated in an in-vitro model for obesity. 40 sawbones were prepared mimicking osteonecrosis in obese patients. 20 sawbones were drilled by guidance of an intraoperative navigation system VectorVision® (BrainLAB, Munich, Germany); the other 20 sawbones were conventionally drilled by fluoroscopic control only. Regarding the distance to the desired mid-point of the lesion, a statistically significant difference with 0.55 mm in the navigated group and 1.19 mm in the control group could be stated (p<0.001). Significant differences were further found for the number of drilling corrections (p<0.001) and radiation time needed (p<0.001). Even in difficult circumstances as in obese patients, the drilling guided by the VectorVision®-navigation system shows high precision with simultaneous enormous reduction of radiation time.
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