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EN
Sustainable production methods for catalytic palladium (Pd) nanoparticles are currently being investigated due to their increasing use, limited availability and price volatility. The bio-palladium (bio-Pd) method uses bacteria as a producer and carrier of Pd nanoparticles. In this method, Pd leaching results in economical loss and environmental risk. In this study we therefore investigate the influence of different parameters on the leaching process: temperature (4-21°C), medium (H2O or mineral medium), pH (1–12), atmosphere (air, O2, N2, H2) and bacterial carrier. We show leaching is an important phenomenon for biosupported Pd: 20% of the Pd was released at 21°C in water after 100 days. Minimal leaching occurred at lower temperatures, low pH and in an isotonic medium. Up to 5 times more leaching was observed under anaerobic conditions (H2 or N2 atmosphere) than under aerobic conditions (O2 or air atmosphere). The producer/carrier Cupriavidus metallidurans leached up to 5% zerovalent Pd compared with 20% in Shewanella oneidensis. No loss of catalytic activity due to leaching was observed when the leachate remained in the reaction medium. This paper shows for the first time that release of Pd nanoparticles from the bacterial carrier of bio-Pd can be significant particularly under anaerobic conditions, at high temperature or high pH.
EN
The shape and size of complement system C1 components assembled on a SiO2 surface after classical activation by antigen-antibody complex was determined by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SiO2 substrate was silanized and bovine leukemia virus proteins gp51 were covalently bound to the SiO2 substrate. Self-assembly of complement system proteins was investigated by AFM. Uniform coating of silanized surface by gp51 proteins was observed by AFM. After incubation of gp51 coated substrate in anti-gp51 antibody containing solution, Ag-Ab complexes were detected on the substrate surface by AFM. Then after treatment of Ag-Ab complex modified substrate by guinea-pig blood serum containing highly active complement system proteins for 3 minutes and 30 minutes features 2–3 times and 5–8 times higher in diameter and in height if compared with those observed after formation of Ag-Ab complex, were observed respectively on the surface of SiO2. This study revealed that AFM might be applied for the imaging of complement system assembly and provides valuable information that can be used to complement other well-established techniques.
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