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1

Biotechnology in potato breeding

100%
Marczewski W.
Biotechnologia
|
2008
|
issue 2
20-26
EN
Potato has been known in Europe for the past 400 years. Potato breeding began after the global Phytophthora infestans epidemics in 1840 and 1841. The first breeding attempts were to increase the P. infestans resistance in cultivated potato. In the 21st century, new potato cultivars have been evaluated for more than 50 traits, both for disease and pest resistance, and significant tuber traits. Modern potato breeding requires biotechnology. Cell and tissue culture, genetic engineering and DNA-based molecular markers are the most promising areas of molecular biology for potato breeding. However, there are few reports indicating the actual use of biotechnology in potato breeding programs. Cisgenesis and DNA markers that reside within resistance genes or physically close to them and identified in a fully automated system are a chance for the progress in the future.
2

Why is mutation breeding still attractive for breeding of chrysanthemum?

100%
Miller N.
Biotechnologia
|
2005
|
issue 2
196-205
EN
Many cultivars of chrysanthemum as well as other ornamental crops on Polish market are of foreign origin. Such situation is not to the advantage of Polish producers because of high royalties. There is a necessity of providing new Polish cultivars of ornamental crops, including chrysanthemum. Traditional breeding methods such as cross-breeding are not expensive but take much time and cannot be always applied for ornamental crops, which are usually heterozygous, poliploids and are vegetatively propagated. On the other hand, there are modern techniques including genetic transformation, but they are often out of reach for Polish breeders due to very high costs. Mutation breeding is a relatively inexpensive and easy method of obtaining new cultivars. Twelve new cultivars of chrysanthemums have been obtained as a result of mutation breeding research, carried out in the Departament of Ornamental Crops and Vegetables at University of Technology and Agriculture in Bydgoszcz. Induced mutations most often led to altered inflorescensce colour and shape, growth habit and other traits. Both induced mutations and regeneration in vitro using adventitious buds technique apear to be useful tools in breeding of chrysanthemum.
3

DcMaster transposon display markers as a tool for diversity evaluation of carrot breeding materials and for hybrid seed purity testing

100%
Macko A., Grzebelus D.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2008
|
vol. 49
|
issue 1
33-39
EN
In recent years, transposon insertion polymorphisms have been utilized as molecular markers, and a range of techniques tailored towards identification of insertion sites of various transposable elements have been developed. In the present paper we describe the application of a recently developed DcMaster transposon display system to analyse the genetic diversity of Polish breeding materials of carrot (Daucus carota) and to identify polymorphisms useful for hybrid seed purity testing. Using 3 sets of breeding materials (each consisting of the cytoplasmic male sterility stock, the maintainer, the pollinator, and the corresponding F1 hybrid), we identified 56 DcMTD markers. DcMaster insertion sites proved to be highly polymorphic in cultivated carrot, as 79% of all insertion sites differentiated between individual plants. Fourteen stock-specific DcMTD markers were further selected as potentially useful for hybrid seed purity testing.
4

Darwin's contributions to genetics

88%
Liu Y.-S., Zhou X.-M., Zhi M.-X., Li X.-J., Wang Q.-L.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2009
|
vol. 50
|
issue 3
177-184
EN
Darwin's contributions to evolutionary biology are well known, but his contributions to genetics are much less known. His main contribution was the collection of a tremendous amount of genetic data, and an attempt to provide a theoretical framework for its interpretation. Darwin clearly described almost all genetic phenomena of fundamental importance, such as prepotency (Mendelian inheritance), bud variation (mutation), heterosis, reversion (atavism), graft hybridization (Michurinian inheritance), sex-limited inheritance, the direct action of the male element on the female (xenia and telegony), the effect of use and disuse, the inheritance of acquired characters (Lamarckian inheritance), and many other observations pertaining to variation, heredity and development. To explain all these observations, Darwin formulated a developmental theory of heredity ? Pangenesis ? which not only greatly influenced many subsequent theories, but also is supported by recent evidence.
5

Cytological characteristics of F2 hybrids between Triticum aestivum L. and T. durum Desf. with reference to wheat breeding

88%
Wang H.-Y., Liu D.-C., Yan Z.-H., Wei Y.-M., Zheng Y.-L.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2005
|
vol. 46
|
issue 4
365-369
EN
Cytological and agronomic characteristics of a F2 population from Triticum aestivum L. ? T. durum Desf. hybrids were analyzed plant by plant. Means of morphologic traits in the F2 population were similar to those of the low-value parent. On average, F2 hybrids had 36.54 chromosomes per plant, indicating that each gamete lost 2.73 chromosomes at meiosis of the F1 generation. More than half of plants had 36?39 chromosomes, so male gametes with 19?21 chromosomes seemed to be superior to the others. The distribution frequency of chromosomes in this study differed from that in a previous report, where a different tetraploid wheat was used. This shows that a different breeding strategy may need to be taken when exploiting a different tetraploid wheat. According to our results, some plants with 42 chromosomes, having all the wheat A, B and D chromosomes, would appear in the F3 population, which provides a chance to obtain stable bread wheat lines from the self-pollinated progenies. Alternatively, the desirable individuals of the F2 population were backcrossed to bread wheat, which is very useful and efficient for the improvement of bread wheat by exploiting desirable genes in durum wheat.
6

Molecular markers in breeding for virus resistance in barley

75%
Ordon F., Friedt W., Scheurer K., Pellio B., Werner K., Neuhaus G., Huth W., Habekuss A., Graner A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 2
145-159
EN
The soil-borne barley yellow mosaic virus disease (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) and the aphid-transmitted barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) are serious threats to winter barley cultivation. Resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus disease has been identified in extensive screening programmes and several recessive resistance genes have been mapped, e.g. rym4, rym5, rym9, rym11, rym13. In contrast to barley yellow mosaic virus disease, no complete resistance to BYDV is known in the barley gene pool, but tolerant accessions have been identified and QTL for BYDV-tolerance have been detected on chromosomes 2HL and 3HL. The use of resistance and tolerance in barley breeding can be considerably improved today by molecular markers (RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, STSs, SNPs), as they facilitate (i) efficient genotyping and estimation of genetic diversity; (ii) reliable selection on a single plant level independent of symptom expression in the field (iii) acceleration of back crossing procedures; (iv) pyramiding of resistance genes; (v) detection of QTL and marker-based combination of positive alleles; and (vi) isolation of resistance genes via map-based cloning.
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