The generation of agriculture residues and agro-industrial wastes has recently grown considerably, which has caused a variety of environmental problems. In this paper, the characteristics of agricultural and agro-industrial waste are discussed. Also, the most important biological treatment technologies and strategies for waste management are presented. Special attention is given to energy production by anaerobic digestion of these wastes. Few examples of energy recovery from agricultural wastes are presented as well.
The generalized anaerobic digestion model developed by the Task Group of IWA is discussed. The structured model includes multiple steps describing biochemical as well as physico-chemical processes. The biochemical steps include disintegration of a particulate substrate to carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, extracellular hydrolysis of these particulate biopolymers to sugars, amino acids, and long chain fatty acids, respectively, acidogenesis from sugars and amino acids to volatile fatty acids and hydrogen; acetogenesis of long chain - and volatile fatty acids to acetate , and separate methanogenesis steps from acetate and from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The ADM1 is a powerful tool for predicting both steady state and dynamic behaviour of anaerobic digesters. The extensions and applications of the ADM1 model to simulate industrial scale anaerobic digestion processes are reviewed.
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