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1

Inheritance of resistance to Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. in some spring barley cultivars

100%
Kozera W., Roszko A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1995
|
vol. 36
|
issue 2
119-127
EN
The inharitance of resistance to loose smut (Ustilago nuda) in seven cultivars of spring barley has been examined.The performed showed that, resistance to two different groups of U.nuda races in respect of their virulance is determined by a single allele pair in the cvs.Anoidium and Inerme 2-r and by two allele pairs in the cvs. CI 13 662, Dorsett, Jet and OAC 21.In the cv,Abyssinian, resistance to a group of races 2 is determined by a single allele pair, whereas that to a group of races 4 - by two allele pairs.In all studied cultivars (except Anoidium) the resistance dominates over sensivity.Resistance to the both studied groups of U.nuda races is determined by a similar genes in the cvs. Dorsett and CI 13 662, as well as in Dorsett and OAC 21.No similarity was found between resistance genes in the case of two allele pairs in the cvs. Jet, Abyssinian and CI 13 662 (group of races 4) as well as in Jet, Dorsett and OAC 21 (in both groups of races), and in the case of single allele pair in the cvs.Inerme-2-rowed and Abyssinian (group races 2).
2

Genetic diversity among cultivars of spring barley revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

100%
Kuczynska A., Milczarski P., Surma M., Masojc P., Adamski T.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2001
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
43-48
EN
RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) polymorphism was studied in 23 malting and non-malting spring barley cultivars included in the official list of Polish cultivated varieties. Twenty-four 10-mer primers were tested in each cultivar, giving altogether 149 amplification products, 45% of which were polymorphic. The number of polymorphic bands revealed by one primer ranged from 1 to 6, with an average of 2.8. Genetic distance for all pairs of compared varieties was estimated and a dendrogram was constructed using unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means. The genetic distance between cultivars ranged from 0.11 for cvs. Apex and Bryl to 0.62 for cvs. Orthega and Madonna. Of the seven malting cultivars only two (Brenda and Stratus) formed one group at D = 0.25. The genetic distance between cvs. Brenda and Scarlett, especially recommended for brewery, was equal to 0.34. The detected polymorphism appeared to be sufficient for assessing genetic distances between cultivars, but on the basis of this polymorphism groups of malting and non-malting cultivars were not clearly distinguished.
3

Induced isozyme polymorphism in spring barley mutants

100%
Kucharska M., Maluszynski M.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1996
|
vol. 37
|
issue 1
109
EN
The usefulness of mutagenic treatment to enlarge isozymic variability of barley and the use of induced mutants for genetic analysis were evaluated.N-methyl-N-nitroso urea, sodium azide and gamma rays were employed as mutagenic agents>Electrophoretic assays of 3848 M2 seedlings obtained by chemical mutagenic treatment of the spring barley cultivars Dema, Aramir, Bielik and 3100 M2 seedlings obtained by physical mutagenic treatment of the cv. Dema revealed 70 isozymic mutants, which represent 30 separate mutants in 25 M1 plants.Most of mutations (27) were induced by chemical mutagen at polymorphic esterase loci.The occurence of induced mutants analysis of those loci in barley including mapping respective genes within chromosomes.
4

Numerical method for detection of linkage between genes for two metrical traits

100%
Kaczmarek Z., Surma M., Adamski T., Czajka S.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
27-35
EN
A homozygous population derived from hybrids between two homozygous parents may be used for genetic analysis of metrical traits. The paper describes the use of doubled haploids (DH) and single seed descent (SSD) lines for detection of linkage between genes conditioning two quantitative traits. A computational algorithm is presented, which facilitates matching various variants of relations between variances, covariances and means of DH and SSD populations so as to make it possible to conclude on the presence/absence of linkage. The suggested methodology is illustrated with an example concerning three quantitative traits of barley: length of the third internode, stem wall thickness, and 1000-grain weight.
5

Interaction of gene effects with environments for malting quality of barley doubled haploids

100%
Kaczmarek Z., Surma M., Adamski T., Jezowski S., Madajewski R., Krystkowiak K., Kuczynska A., KaczmarekZ.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2002
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
33-42
EN
Barley doubled haploids covering a wide range of malting quality, along with their parental cultivars and F2, F3 hybrids, were investigated in six environments (three locations, two years) to study the genotype-environment (G ? E) interaction structure and the influence of environments on additive, dominance and epistatic gene effects. Grain and malt characters, such as 1000-grain weight, percentage of plump kernels, malt extract yield, protein content, Kolbach index and malt fine-coarse difference (FCD), were measured. Main effects for genetic parameters were estimated and regression analysis was used to explain the interaction of gene effects with environments. The results show that additive effects had the greatest interaction with environments for all the analysed traits, but only for malt characters this interaction was linear. Interaction of dominance effects was much lower and only in the case of 1000-grain weight, protein content and Kolbach index it proved to be significant. The results suggest that effects of heterozygous loci are more stable in contrasting environments than effects of homozygous loci.
6

Assessment of RAPD markers for barley doubled haploid lines resistant and susceptible to Fusarium culmorum at seedling and adult plant growth stages

100%
Bocianowski J., Chelkowski J., Kuczynska A., Wisniewska H., Surma M., Adamski T.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
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vol. 44
|
issue 3
355-360
EN
Thirty doubled haploid (DH) lines of barley derived from F1 of a cross between the six-rowed cultivar Pomo and two-rowed cultivar Maresi were examined for susceptibility to Fusarium seedling blight (SB) and head blight (FHB), measured by mycotoxin (nivalenol) content of kernels. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) polymorphism was analysed by using 53 decamer primers. Amplification products (APs) were 200 bp up to 2000 bp in size on average 5.7 per primer and the total number of APs was 284, 51.06% of which were polymorphic. Only 32 APs differentiated the examined DH lines ? 19 APs for nivalenol content of kernels and 13 for seedling resistance. DH lines segregated with continuous distribution of resistance to FHB and SB. At the seedling stage all DH lines exhibited lower susceptibility than parental cultivars, but in the adult stage only two lines (MP 2 and MP 7) appeared to be more resistant to FHB, i.e. accumulated in kernels a lower amount of mycotoxin than cultivars Maresi and Pomo.
7

Frequency of transgression and gene distribution in barley doubled haploid populations from first and second cycle hybrids

100%
Surma M., Adamski T., Kaczmarek Z., Kapala A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1998
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vol. 39
|
issue 3
237-247
EN
Barley doubled haploids (DH) derived from first and second cycle hybrids were investigated in field experiments. Parental lines designed for the second cycle hybrids were three doubled haploids from the first cycle hybrids, which were observed to have the highest grain yield. Yield structure characters, crude protein content and protein fractions were analysed. Phenotypic and genetic variability and the frequency of transgression in the studied populations were calculated. For the studied traits additive, [d], and epistatic [i], effects as well as coefficient of gene dispersion were estimated. It was found that the phenotypic and genetic variability of DH populations derived from second cycle hybrids was higher than that of the original population for all the studied traits except grain yield. A greater proportion of transgressive lines than in the original population was also observed in populations from second cycle hybrids. Only one DH line exceeding the high yielding parent was found among 141 lines under study. The relationship between the frequency of transgressions and gene dispersion was recorded: the greatest number of transgressive lines occurred in those traits for which the dispersion was observed.
8

Starter cultures as a factor limiting activity of epiphitic microflora of barley and malt

100%
Dziuba E., Wojtatowicz M., Stempniewicz R., Foszczynska B.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 2
167-177
EN
In this review epiphitic microflora of barley and malt and its possible negative and positive effects on quality of malts and beers is described. Also, the latest data on the use of starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria and Geotrichum candidum in malting process are presented. As a result repression of the growth of accompanying flora, in particular of toxigenic species of molds, and reduction of contamination with mycotoxins could be achieved.
9

Anther and microspore cultures of barley and wheat

100%
Kasha K. J., Ziauddin A., Cho U.-H., Simion E., Petroski R., Cistue L.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1997
|
vol. 38
|
issue 4
373-380
EN
This paper briefly cites the various procedures for the production of doubled haploids in barley and wheat. Various associated terms are defined and the factor involved in haploid production are outlined. Isolated microspore cultures offer some advantages over anther culture. Our current procedures for isolated microspore culture of barley and wheat are presented and compared.
10

Influence of anther pretreatment on the efficiency of androgenesis in barley

100%
Kruczkowska H., Pawlowska H., Skucinska B.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2002
|
vol. 43
|
issue 3
287-296
EN
The change in the developmental pathway of microspores from gametophytic to sporophytic is induced by stress during pretreatment of spikes and anthers. In our experiments, anther culture of three barley cultivars was tested with regard to the effect of chilling at 4?C for 28 days, starvation in 0.3 M mannitol solution for 4 days, and a combination of both methods. Chilling was shown to increase embryo/callus formation, while mannitol treatment favoured plant development, including development of green plants; simultaneous application of the two stress factors for 4 days proved to be ineffective. The tested cultivars exhibited a similar ability (calculated per 100 transferred embryos/calli) to develop plants without pretreatment; however, their responses to stress varied greatly. The collected data indicate that mannitol pretreatment, as compared to chilling, is more efficient in responsive cultivars.
11

The effect of 2,4-D concentration and osmotic stress on the androgenic response in anther culture of barley

100%
Kruczkowska H., Pawlowska H., Skucinska B.
Biotechnologia
|
2004
|
issue 2
244-250
EN
Induction of androgenesis in in vitro microspore culture of barley is the most efficient method of haploidisation, but it is difficult to use in the conditions of a plant breeding station. For this reason, the method has been improved side by side with the technique of anther culture. In anther culture of 3 barley cultivars, pretreatment with 0.7 mol dm-3 mannitol and the addition of 0.2 mg dm-3 2,4-D to the induction medium have been shown to exert a favourable effect. In cv. Mobek, the interaction of the two tested stress agents, mannitol and auxin, has been proved.
12

Resistance genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and their identification with molecular markers

100%
Chelkowski J., Tyrka M., Sobkiewicz A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
291-309
EN
Current information on barley resistance genes available from scientific papers and on-line databases is summarised. The recent literature contains information on 107 major resistance genes (R genes) against fungal pathogens (excluding powdery mildew), pathogenic viruses and aphids identified in Hordeum vulgare accessions. The highest number of resistance genes was identified against Puccinia hordei, Rhynchosporium secalis, and the viruses BaYMV and BaMMV, with 17, 14 and 13 genes respectively. There is still a lot of confusion regarding symbols for R genes against powdery mildew. Among the 23 loci described to date, two regions Mla and Mlo comprise approximately 31 and 25 alleles. Over 50 R genes have already been localised and over 30 mapped on 7 barley chromosomes. Four barley R genes have been cloned recently: Mlo, Rpg1, Mla1 and Mla6, and their structures (sequences) are available. The paper presents a catalogue of barley resistance gene symbols, their chromosomal location and the list of available DNA markers useful in characterising cultivars and breeding accessions.
13

Genetic control of hordein polypeptides in kernels of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) high-lysine mutant C-67-7

88%
Kapala A., Patyna H.
|
|
vol. 34
|
issue 2
133-138
EN
The subject of the studies were F1 and F2 hybrids originating from reciprocal crosses of the highlysine mutant C-67-7 and cultivar Miranda, the forms with different hordein polypeptide spectra. The method of SDS gel electrophoresis was used for an analysis of the main hordein fractions, hordein-1 and hordein-2, from single kernels of barley. It was found that polypeptide spectra of hordein-1 and hordein-2 of the high lysine mutant C-68-7 are determined by codominant alleles at two loci, which are moderately linked.
14

Yield reduction and mycotoxin accumulation in barley doubled haploids inoculated with Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc.

88%
Adamski T., Chelkowski J., Golinski P., Kaczmarek Z., Perkowski J., Surma M., Wisniewska H.
|
1999
|
vol. 40
|
issue 2
73-84
EN
Barley doubled haploids (DH) were examined for their susceptibility to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum. DH lines were derived from F1 Maresi (two-rowed) ? Pomo (six-rowed) hybrids by the 'H. bulbosum' method. Doubled haploids, parental cultivars and F1 and F2 hybrids were inoculated with Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc., isolate KF350 under field conditions. The kernel infection score, number of kernels per ear, kernel weight per ear, 1000-kernel weight, and kernel fractions were recorded in inoculated and control plants. Samples of kernels were analysed for presence of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. In the inoculated plants a reduction of kernel number, kernel weight per ear, 1000-kernel weight and percentage of plump kernels was observed. Generally, inoculation caused a significant decrease in the kernel fraction > 2.5 mm, and increase in the fractions 2.5-2.2 and < 2.2 mm. This tendency was more visible in 2-rowed than in 6-rowed lines. The nivalenol content of inoculated doubled haploids ranged from 0.16 to 7.61 mg/kg, whereas their deoxynivalenol content ranged from 0.000 to 0.253 mg/kg. Significant relationships between the kernel infection score and nivalenol content, kernel yield per ear, 1000-kernel weight and kernel fraction > 2.5 mm were observed. Transgression effects were noted in some DH lines, in which the reduction of kernel characters was lower than in parental cultivars. Doubled haploids with a positive and negative transgression for nivalenol and deoxynivalenol content were also recorded.
15

Application of RNA interference for cereal crops biotechnology

88%
Nadolska-Orczyk A., Zalewski W., Gasparis S., Orczyk W.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 3
53-63
EN
RNAi technology is based on a natural process of RNA-directed gene regulation. The technique is widely used for gene functional analysis and to obtain plants with modified traits. The main advantage of this system, particularly when applied for polyploid species, is the possibility of simultaneous silencing of homologous, homoeologous or orthologous genes. The article discusses the results of relatively few papers where RNAi has been used for functional analysis of native genes of wheat and barley. The main part of the article presents the research on RNAi based gene silencing in cereals performed by our group. The experimental basis of our work was the elaboration of efficient Agrobacterium-based transformation and plant regeneration systems of different cereal species (wheat, barley, triticale and oat). Currently, the method is applied for modification of two types of traits in wheat, triticale and barley. The first one is a technological trait related to cereal grain hardness. It is genetically controlled by Pina and Pinb genes. We obtained over a hundred transgenic lines with various degrees of Pina and Pinb silencing. Currently, the lines are being analyzed for the amount of PINA and PINB proteins, composition of storage proteins, and the grain texture. The second set of traits depends on CKX genes encoding cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ? the part of the system specifically governing the cytokinin level in different organs and developmental stages. We obtained over forty barley transgenic lines with silenced HvCKX1. This modification was found to be tightly correlated with enhanced plant productivity measured as the higher grain number and higher mass of a thousand kernels. The T1 and T2 transgenic seedlings developed bigger root system.
16

The use of laser light for obtaining barley haploids by Hordeum bulbosum method

88%
Rybinski W., Surma M., Adamski T.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 1
143-147
EN
The effect of helium-neon laser with wavelength of 632 nm on seed setting in a cross of Hordeum vulgare x H. bulbosum was studied. The seeds before sowing as well as immature embryos were irradiated with laser light. Material not irradiated with laser beams constituted the control. It was shown that stimulative dose of laser beams increased the number of seeds/100 pollinated florets in comparison with the control combination. After laser treatment, the seed setting of the line HG156, and cultivars Vada and Apex was higher by 13.0, 7.9 and 3.2%, respectively. The number of obtained haploids/100 cultured embryos irradiated with laser light was also higher in comparison with the control by 1.8, 0.9 and 10.8%, respectively. The obtained results show that treatment with laser beams was more effective at the first step of haploid production (seeds/100 florets) than at the next step (haploids/100 embryos cultured). From the practical point of view, better results can be obtained by irradiation of seeds before sowing than by irradiation of immature embryos. Cultivar Apex with a positive reaction on irradiation of embryos was an exception here.
17

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of cereal crops

88%
Nadolska-Orczyk A., Przetakiewicz A., Orczyk W.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 4
93-98
EN
The results published in recent years proved that Agrobacterium based system for genetic transformation was also suitable for cereal crops. Several groups were able to obtain transgenic rice, corn, wheat and barley using hipervirulent strains Agl1 and EHA101 (or EHA105) or 'regular' LBA4404 strain with superbinary vector pTOK233. The first phase of our research was designed to establish transformation susceptibility of two wheat, two barley and one triticale cultivars using three different bacterial systems. Two of those systems were based on hipervirulent strains: Agl1 (pDM805) and EHA101 (pGAH). The third one combined strong virulence of pTOK233 vector and commonly-used LBA 4404 strain. Putative transgenic plants (regenerated and rooted under selective pressure of appropriate factor and further confirmed with GUS or PCR) were obtained for barley (cultivar Scarlett), wheat (Torka and Kontesa) and triticale (Wanad) with Agrobacterium strain Agl1. Kontesa's putative transgenics were also obtained with the strain EHA101. The highest rate of selection of putative transgenics was for Agl1 / phosphinothricine and ranged from 9 to15% for wheat cultivars. The lowest rate for the same strain and selection was 0,5% for barley cv. Scarlett.Inoculation of 700 immature embryos of barley cv. Lot with three bacterial systems (strains, vectors and selection factors) failed to produce putative transformants. Also no putative transgenics of barley Scralett, wheat Torka and triticale Wanad were obtained after transformation with EHA101 and selection on higromycine. Selection with kanamycin and hygromycin + kanamycin after transformation with EHA101 and LBA4404 respectively also failed to give positive results.
18

The influence of nutrient shortage on the expression of combining ability effects for root characters in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

88%
Gorny A. G.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2000
|
vol. 41
|
issue 2
63-73
EN
Effects of varied nutrition on the inheritance mode of the total and specific length of roots, root weight, shoot : root ratio and root uptake efficiency were studied in a diallel set of spring barley. Plants were grown in sand-vermiculite cultures under high and low NP nutrition. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that both the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability effects were important for the total length and dry matter of roots formed at the vegetative growth stage. Preponderance of non-additive gene action and overdominance were apparent only for root dry matter. The specific root length and root uptake efficiencies were controlled by additive gene action. Genotype ? nutrition interactions were significant for the root length measures and uptake efficiency indices. Although significant GCA ? nutrition interaction effects were observed for these root characters, the interactions contributed mostly to the magnitude of GCA effects but not to their sign. Except for root dry matter, the contribution of non-additive gene action to root variation enhanced under stress, heritabilities declined, while degrees of dominance of genes tended to increase. Nevertheless, the moderate narrow-sense heritabilities (18-62%) and the considerable proportion of additive variance found for the root characters under nutrient shortage suggest that an improvement of rooting ability under less favourable nutrition through conventional selection is a real objective for barley breeders.
19

Mutagenic effect of laser and chemical mutagens in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

88%
Rybinski W., Patyna H., Przewozny T.
|
|
vol. 34
|
issue 4
337-342
20

Embryo-callus regenerated hybrids and amphidiploids of barley cultivars x rye inbred lines

75%
Wojciechowska B., Pudelska H.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1995
|
vol. 36
|
issue 4
313-323
EN
In the presented hybridization programme of barley cultivars and rye inbred lines including 48 cross combinations the seed set ranged from 3.13 to 92.98%, while embryos were formed in 0.74 to 36.36% in successful pollinations.Sixty five plants were generated by embryo callus culture and one - by embryo culture without callus formation.The hybrids had somatic chromosome numbers 2n=14 (60 plants) and 2n=28 (6 plants).Plants obtained vie embryo callus culture showed good vegetative vigour and well-developed root system.Spike morphology of all plants resambled that of rye.Meiosis in 17 diploids showed 0.13-0.63 barley-barley and rye-rye bivalents with a chiasma frequency of 0.14-0.69 per cell. The hetromorphic bivalent-like configurations occured in five plants in 0.01-0.02 per cell.The amphidiploids had 7.79-10.71 barley-barley and rye-rye bivalents with the chiasm frequency of 9.36-17.75 per cell.All plants, with 14 and 28 chromosomes, were completly sterile both in backcrosses and when selfed.
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