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Determination of antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous stem extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) against common bacteria

100%
Mohammadbasheer F. O., Ahmad H. K.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2024
|
vol. 53
108-119
EN
ABSTRACT The Lamiaceae plant species Ocimum gratissimum is the subject of this experiment. Three common pathogenic bacteria were used to test the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem of Ocimum gratissimum. They underwent tests against Shigella species, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Each extract was evaluated for its antibacterial properties, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The plant extracts were given at various concentrations of 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, 61.5 mg/mL, and 31.2 mg/mL in order to assess their antibacterial activities against the chosen bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. The outcomes demonstrated that while both plant stem extracts inhibited the organisms, the ethanolic stem extract was superior to the aqueous counterpart in terms of its effectiveness. The range of the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was 3.96 mg/mL to 31.25 mg/mL. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the stems of Ocimum gratissimum possess antibacterial properties on par with those of the plant's leaves. The low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) further suggest a potent antibacterial action against the pathogens, especially when it comes to the ethanol extracts. As a result, Ocimum gratissimum extracts may be utilized to treat infections linked to the test organisms, establishing the plant's status as a natural antibiotic and a necessary ingredient in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Shigella and Salmonella Causing Diarrhoea in Children Below 5 Years at Thika Level Five District Hospital

88%
Kibet S. C., Matiru V. N., Kibaba P. W., Mucheke A., Louis H.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2017
|
vol. 11
28-36
EN
The aim of the study was to isolate and identify the extent of Salmonella and Shigella induced diarrhoea in children under five and to determine their antibacterial susceptibility patterns. The method of investigation was a cross-sectional study. Samples were collected from children less than five years old afflicted with diarrhoea coming for treatment at Thika Level Five Hospital, Kiambu County. A total of 80 stool samples were collected. These were specifically examined for Shigella and Salmonella. In doing so, the samples were cultured in MacConkey and Xylose lactose deoxycholate (XLD) agar. The plates were subsequently incubated aerobically at 37 °C overnight. After incubation, suspected Salmonella and Shigella colonies were identified morphologically, marked and the colonies inoculated to biochemical tests for species identification as described in the Medical Laboratory Manual. Following this, colonies derived from purity plating through biochemical testing were sub-cultured onto nutrient agar to obtain pure colonies. The obtained pure colonies were then used to perform susceptibility tests to commonly prescribed antibacterial drugs, including Gentamicin, Ciproflaxicin and Erythromycin. Results showed 10 (12.5%) confirmed positive isolates, where 6 (60%) were Salmonella and 4 (40%) Shigella. With respect to age, both isolates were found to be concentrated more at ages of 1-4 years. Herein, Salmonella – 1-2 years (33.33%), - 2-3years (50%); Shigella – 1-2 years (50%), - 2-3 years (25%). From the study, sex distribution (male or female) of the host isolates was equal (50-50%). Moreover, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin were the most potent antibiotics, whereas Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Cotrimoxazole and Sulfamethoxazole were highly resisted. According to study results, Quinolones and Aminogylcosides are the antibiotics of choice for severe diarrhoea illnesses caused by Salmonella and Shigella.
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Comparative Anti-Bacterial Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Stem Barks of Tamarindus indica Linn on Staphylococcus aureus

88%
Boyi D. I., Sani L. A.
|
EN
This study focuses on Tamarindus indica, a plant belonging to family Fabaceae commonly found in Nigeria and the Asian continent, and explores the potential comparative antibacterial activity of its aqueous and ethanolic stem barks against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium. The stem barks of Tamarindus indica were obtained from a live Tamarind tree located at Bayero university Kano, old campus, was dried under shade away from direct sunlight in the laboratory, pounded to fine powder using mortar and pestle and extracted through maceration method using distilled water and ethanol solvents. Phytochemical analysis was carried out following standard procedures and it revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and carbohydrates in the extracts. Agar well diffusion method was employed to assess the antibacterial activity. The results showed the aqueous extracts exhibited bigger zones of inhibition compared to the ethanol extracts. Furthermore, the lowest MIC was 15.625 mg/ml for ethanolic Stem bark extract revealing how effective the stem bark ethanol extracts were in combating the bacteria. The study demonstrated that Tamarindus indica stem barks possesses antibacterial properties which may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenols and highlights the potential of Tamarindus indica as an affordable and accessible natural remedy against Staphylococcus aureus infections and diseases.
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