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Current uses and trends in catalytic isomerization, alkylation and etherification processes to improve gasoline quality

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Hidalgo J., Zbuzek M., Černý R., Jíša P.
Open Chemistry
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2014
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vol. 12
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issue 1
1-13
EN
Due to the growing restrictions on the content of aromatic compounds by the European legislation in motor fuels and at the same time the need for higher quality fuels (minimizing the presence of contaminants and hazardous products to health), it has become necessary to increase processes that can maximize the number of octane in gasoline. This manuscript is aimed to provide current trends and processes related to isomerization, alkylation and etherification processes to improve gasolines as final product. Examples provided include the isomerization of light n-alkanes into iso-alkanes or the alkylation, in which the preferred olefin is the methylbutilene and i-butane to produce a high octane number gasoline. Currently, there are two main commercial processes for alkylation processes (hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid technologies). Other incoming suitable process is the etherification of iso-olefins to bio-ethers (the European Union have as a minimum target of biofuel content in fuels of 10% in 2020). The refiners are recently investing in the production of bio-ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether) and other products as additives using bio-ethanol and olefins. Commercial and new potential catalysts for all these processes are currently being used and under investigation. [...]
2
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Synthesis of 1-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-azoles and their piperidine-derived homologues

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Zhersh S., Karpenko O., Ripenko V., Tolmachev A., Grygorenko O.
Open Chemistry
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2014
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vol. 12
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issue 1
67-73
EN
A convenient preparation of 1-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazoles, -imidazoles, and -1H-1,2,4-triazoles, 1-(piperidin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazoles and -1H-1,2,4-triazoles, and 1-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazoles by alkylation of azoles (viz. pyrazoles, imidazoles, and triazoles) with N-Cbz-prolinol mesylate or its analogues and subsequent deprotection is reported. The two-step method allows for synthesis of the title compounds in 16–65% yields. The utility of the procedure has been demonstrated by multigram preparation of a 15-member building block mini-library for the lead-oriented synthesis of compound libraries. These building blocks perfectly fit the definition of low-molecular-weight hydrophilic three-dimensional templates, which leave much room for the lead-oriented synthesis of the compound libraries. [...]
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Preparation of a series of N-alkyl-3-boronopyridinium halides and study of their stability in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

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Karpichev Y., Matondo H., Kapitanov I., Savsunenko O., Vedrenne M., Poinsot V., Rico-Lattes I., Lattes A.
Open Chemistry
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2012
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vol. 10
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issue 4
1059-1065
EN
A simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of a series of N-alkyl-3-boronopyridinium salts is described which requires exposure of 3-pyridineboronic acid neopentylglycol ester and corresponding alkyle halide to microwave irradiation followed by boronic ester hydrolysis. The technique employed drastically reduces the reaction time and prevents thermal degradation and the formation of side products. Water solutions of the obtained boronopyridinium salts are shown to be stable at room temperature in wide pH range as well as in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at pH 10.0 for 72 h. [...]
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