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1

Modifications of animal tissues by way of genetic engeneering and their possible significance in xenotransplantation

100%
Grzybowski G.
|
|
issue 1
95-104
EN
The paper presents the problems connected with the modification of animal tissues through transgenesis. Special attention has been given to the xenogenic heart transplant between pigs and human beings. The heart of pigs is a highly discordant graft both for primates and human, which is hyperacutely rejected already several minutes after operation. Graft rejection is mainly due to the presence of natural xenoreactive antibodies which recognize the pigs' tissue epitop Gala1-3Gal (known as the Gal antigene), as well as to the quick activation of the complement in the recipient. In 1995 transgenic pigs with human genes responsible for complement CD55 (DAF - decay accelerating factor) and CD59 factor (membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis) were obtained. Organs of such animals, grafted into baboons, were resistant to complement-related rejection. The possibilities of modifying animal tissues by way of genetic manipulation are still limited and total 'humanzation' of pigs heart as regards the histocompatibility antigens is not yet feasible. For this reason the fulfilment of the idea of xenografting between pigs and human beings is still remote.
2

Production of the human hemoglobin from animals modified by genetic engineering

100%
Grzybowski G.
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|
issue 1
83-94
EN
Medical and economic arguments for the investigation of methods of producing blood substitutes are presented. The paper presents the current state of investigations aimed at the production of human hemoglobin from animals modified by genetic engineering methods. Certain problems related to medicine and public perception are presented in connection with the use of 'transgenic' hemoglobin as blood substitute. Swine is at present the only species among farm animals which is used in research on the production of human hemoglobin. Animals were obtained in which 'transgenic' hemoglobin accounted for 54% of the total hemoglobin in the organism. When human hemoglobin accounted for 24% of the total, and 30% was hybrid (human/swine), the animals were in perfect health, fit for reproduction and their progeny demonstrated the same transgene expression. It is assumed that human hemoglobin, extracted from the blood of transgenic swine, will be the first commercial product used in medicine and obtained through transgenesis of domestic animals.
3

Methods and the economic importance of controling sex proportions in cattle

64%
Grzybowski G., Dymnicki E.
Biotechnologia
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1997
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issue 3
38-50
EN
Attending animals of only one sex, depending on the chosen type of production, would considerably increase its effectivity. The problem of sex determination is an element of crucial importance in biotechniques of unconventional reproduction. In the case of cattle it gained importance with the development of breeding programmes based on multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET). The control of proportions between sexes may be obtained either through separation (sorting) of spermatozoa subpopulations carrying chromosome X or Y, or by determining the sex of embryos (known as sexing) prior to their transfer to the uterus of the recipient cow. The current possibilities of sorting viable sperm are highly unsatisfactory for the needs of artifical insemination. Thus, for the sex preselection DNA techniques are being introduced, using the latest results on sex determining region Y (SRY) and on polymorphism of the gene of amelogenine. Introducing embryo-sexing into breeding programmes for cattle would result in considerable profits for the countries' economy. For instance, the annual genetic progress as regards milk production would reach 3 kg on the dam-son path and as much as 44 kg on the dam-daughter path.
4

No incidence of DUMPS carriers in Polish dairy cattle

51%
Kaminski S., Grzybowski G., Prusak P., Rusc A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
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2005
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vol. 46
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issue 4
395-397
EN
DUMPS (Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase) is a hereditary recessive disorder in Holstein cattle causing early embryo mortality during its implantation in the uterus. The only way to avoid the economic losses is early detection of DUMPS carriers. Because American Holstein semen has been intensively imported to Poland since 1970, there was a risk that DUMPS could have spread in Polish dairy cattle. In our study, 2209 dairy cattle of the Polish Holstein breed have been screened by the DNA test. The dominant group was young bulls entering the testing program (1171) and proven bulls (781). They represented all sires entering Polish breeding programs between 1999 and 2003. Also, 257 sire dams were included in the screening program. No DUMPS carrier has been found. Our results then indicate that the population of dairy cattle reared in Poland is free from DUMPS. Because of the economical significance of the DUMPS mutation and its recessive mode of inheritance, attention has to be paid to any case of a bull having in his origin any known DUMPS carrier. Such a bull should be tested and if positive eliminated from the active population. Also, young bulls (testing bulls) should be screened for DUMPS if in their progeny a high incidence of embryo mortality is observed and their genealogy cannot exclude their relatedness to any DUMPS carriers.
5

Heart of transgenic pigs as a substitute of human heart. Expectations and reality

51%
Grzybowski G., Lubieniecka J., Kantoch M. J.
Biotechnologia
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1998
|
issue 3
21-34
EN
The authors discuss hopes and fears, expectations and reality of xenotransplantations.
6

Effectiveness of a program aimed at the elimination of BLAD-carrier bulls from Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

45%
Czarnik U., Grzybowski G., Kaminski S., Prusak B., Zabolewicz T.
Journal of Applied Genetics
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2007
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vol. 48
|
issue 4
375-377
EN
The molecular basis of BLAD is the D128G mutation of the gene coding for the CD18 subunit of beta?2 integrin. This mutation is lethal, since homozygous (BL/BL) animals die before they reach sexual maturity. In the 1990s, BLAD was the most widespread genetic disease in HF cattle worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of BLAD carriers among 4645 young breeding bulls in Poland in 1995?2006. The frequency of carriers of the mutated allele showed a clear decreasing trend. The highest frequency (7.9%) was recorded while implementing the BLAD control program (1995?1997). Regular monitoring has enabled a great reduction of this threat to the tested population. Today only sporadic cases of BL/TL heterozygotes are reported (ca. 0.8% in 2004?2006).
7

Deletion/insertion polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

39%
Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T., Strychalski J., Grzybowski G., Bogusz M., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
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2007
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1
69-71
EN
The aim of the present study was to identify the deletion/insertion polymorphism of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) within the promoter sequence (23 bp), intron 1 (12 bp) and 3' untranslated region (14 bp). DNA was isolated from blood of 234 randomly tested Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and from semen of 47 sires used for artificial insemination (AI) in 2004. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of genotypes and alleles between cows and breeding bulls in the 3 analysed polymorphic sites within the PRNP gene. Only 3 haplotypes were identified in sires and 4 haplotypes in cows.
8

Deletion/insertion polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

39%
Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T., Strychalski J., Grzybowski G., Bogusz M., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2007
|
vol. 48
|
issue 3
69-71
EN
The aim of the present study was to identify the deletion/insertion polymorphism of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) within the promoter sequence (23 bp), intron 1 (12 bp) and 3' untranslated region (14 bp). DNA was isolated from blood of 234 randomly tested Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and from semen of 47 sires used for artificial insemination (AI) in 2004. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of genotypes and alleles between cows and breeding bulls in the 3 analysed polymorphic sites within the PRNP gene. Only 3 haplotypes were identified in sires and 4 haplotypes in cows.
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