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Understanding evolution

100%
|
2001
|
vol. 48
|
issue 2
291-294
|
2001
|
vol. 48
|
issue 2
367-381
EN
Prokaryotic organisms are exposed in the course of evolution to various impacts, resulting often in drastic changes of their genome size. Depending on circumstances, the same lineage may diverge into species having substantially reduced genomes, or such whose genomes have undergone considerable enlargement. Genome reduction is a consequence of obligate intracellular lifestyle rendering numerous genes expendable. Another consequence of intracellular lifestyle is reduction of effective population size and limited possibility of gene acquirement via lateral transfer. This causes a state of relaxed selection resulting in accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations that can not be corrected by recombination with the wild type copy. Thus, gene loss is usually irreversible. Additionally, constant environment of the eukaryotic cell renders that some bacterial genes involved in DNA repair are expandable. The loss of these genes is a probable cause of mutational bias resulting in a high A+T content. While causes of genome reduction are rather indisputable, those resulting in genome expansion seem to be less obvious. Presumably, the genome enlargement is an indirect consequence of adaptation to changing environmental conditions and requires the acquisition and integration of numerous genes. It seems that the need for a great number of capabilities is common among soil bacteria irrespective of their phylogenetic relationship. However, this would not be possible if soil bacteria lacked indigenous abilities to exchange and accumulate genetic information. The latter are considerably facilitated when housekeeping genes are physically separated from adaptive loci which are useful only in certain circumstances.
EN
The LlPRP2 gene coding for a proline-rich protein shows a high level of similarity to, as well as significant differences from the family of ENOD2 nodule-specific genes. Several sequence motifs with putative regulatory function were identified in the 5' and 3' noncoding regions of the LlPRP2 gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression of the LlPRP2 gene begins 9 days after inoculation of yellow lupin roots with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus); the expression is restricted to symbiotic nodules and is not detected in other tissues or organs. Detailed hybridization analysis showed that, when expression is activated, the LlPRP2 transcript is modified so as to produce at least three bands and a continuous distribution of decay intermediates. The modification of the LlPRP2 transcript probably involves degradation from the 5'- and/or 3'-ends of the RNA molecules. Southern blot analysis indicates that only one gene is present in the yellow lupin genome. The presence of genes homologous to the LlPRP2 gene was confirmed for three cultivars of yellow lupin and for Lupinus angustifolius. However, LlPRP2 homologues were not detected in Lupinus albus cv. Bac, indicating that this plant may lack the ENOD2 sequence.
EN
A gene for the Δturase specific to stearoyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) was identified from yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus) cDNA and genomic libraries through the differential display method. The desaturase transcript appears in plants infected with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) as revealed by Northern hybridization, RT-PCR and expression of β-glucuronidase under the desaturase promoter. A small amount of desaturase transcript was also detected in uninfected plants, which suggests that the gene does not belong to the strict nodule-specific sequences. The desaturase provides unsaturated fatty acids for additional cell membrane synthesis. During nodule and symbiosome development a peribacteroid membrane is formed and the requirement for membrane surface increases, thus the level of desaturase expression is also higher. Transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum with overexpression of the full-length lupine stearoyl-ACP desaturase sequence were obtained. They revealed higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (especially oleic acid) in comparison with control plants.
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