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1
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Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification

100%
Bedyk T., Nowicki L., Stolarek P., Ledakowicz S.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2008
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vol. 10
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issue 1
1-5
EN
A method of monitoring sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification was proposed. Samples of sludge were pyrolysed in Ar and gasified in CO2 in a thermobalance. The evolved gases were analysed on the calibrated MS, the samples of sludge and solid residues at different stages of the processes were subjected to elemental analysis. The identification and the quantitative characterisation of chemical reactions were performed, based on the DTG and MS profiles.
2
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Kinetic approach and balancing of aerobic stabilization of solid wastes in lysimeters

100%
Krzystek L., Slezak R., Zieleniewska-Jastrzebska A., Ledakowicz S.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2008
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vol. 10
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issue 1
11-14
EN
Forced aeration of old landfills by an in situ method causes enhanced reduction of leachate indices organic load, a decrease of greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere and waste stabilization. The aim of the research was an experimental simulation of aerobic stabilization on landfills carried out under different conditions of leachate recirculation in lysimeters. The results were used in balancing and the kinetic analysis of the organic substance degradation.
3
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Application of Fenton's Reagent in the Textile Wastewater Treatment Under Industrial Conditions

100%
Ledakowicz S., Bilińska L., Żyłła R.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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2012
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vol. 19
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issue 2
163-174
EN
Application of reactive dyes is very popular in textile industry as these dyestuffs are characterized by good fastness properties. Constapel et al in 2009 estimated the production of this type of dyes for over 140,000 Mg/year. The reactive dyes are mostly (50%) employed for coloration of cellulosic fibers, however they can also be applied on wool and nylon. Unfortunately, they possess a low degree of fixation (50÷90%), since the functional groups also bond to water, creating hydrolysis and the excess of dyes applied cause a colored pollution of aqueous environment. Moreover, dyeing process requires the use of: electrolytes in the form of aqueous solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4 in the concentration up to 100 g/dm3, alkaline environment (pH > 10) and textile auxiliary agents (including detergents). Therefore, the wastewater generated during the reactive dyeing processes is characterized by high salinity, pH value and color, and due to low value of the BOD5/COD ratio are nonbiodegradable. The successful methods of textile wastewater treatment could be Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), amongst which the Fenton reagent seems to be most promising as it is the cheapest and easy in use. Based on the newest literature survey it was found that many successful tests with Fenton reaction were performed mainly in decolorization. However, not enough attention was devoted to decolorization of real industrial wastewater containing dyes, detergents and salts NaCl, or Na2SO4. The experiments carried out in a laboratory scale were focused on the impact of NaCl and textile auxiliary agent (liquid dispersing and sequestering agent) on an inhibition of decolorization process by Fenton's reagent. The objects of the investigation were synthetic mixtures simulating the composition of real textile wastewater as well as the real industrial wastewater generated in the reactive dyeing. The inhibition of the Fenton decolorization in the presence of NaCl and liquid dispersing and sequestering agent was demonstrated. Additional experiments using pulse radiolysis were carried out in order to confirm the inhibition of chloride in the decolorization process.
PL
Stosowanie barwników reaktywnych jest bardzo popularne w przemyśle włókienniczym ze względu na fakt, że barwniki te charakteryzują się dobrą odpornością uzyskiwanych wybarwień. W 2009 roku Constapel et al oszacowali, że produkcja tego typu barwników sięga ponad 140 000 Mg/rok. Barwniki reaktywne są w większości (50%) stosowane do barwienia włókien celulozowych, jednakże mogą one być również stosowane do wełny i poliamidu. Niestety, barwniki te mają niski stopień związania z włóknem (50÷90%), co powoduje znaczące zabarwienie ścieków. Ponadto, proces barwienia wymaga stosowania: elektrolitów w postaci wodnych roztworów NaCl i Na2SO4 w stężeniu do 100 g/dm3, środowiska zasadowego (pH > 10) i włókienniczych środków pomocniczych (w tym detergentów). Dlatego też ścieki wytwarzane podczas procesów barwienia reaktywnego charakteryzują się wysokim zasoleniem i pH oraz intensywnym zabarwieniem, a ze względu na niską wartość stosunku BZT5/ChZT nie są one biodegradowalne. Skuteczną metodą oczyszczania ścieków włókienniczych może być zastosowanie procesów pogłębionego utleniania (AOPs), wśród których odczynnik Fentona wydaje się być najbardziej obiecujący, gdyż jest najtańszy i łatwy w użyciu. Na podstawie najnowszych danych literaturowych stwierdzono, że w wielu badaniach z użyciem odczynnika Fentona zajmowano się głównie odbarwianiem roztworów barwników. Jednak zbyt mało uwagi poświęcono odbarwianiu rzeczywistych ścieków włókienniczych, zawierających barwniki, detergenty i sole (NaCl i Na2SO4). Eksperymenty przeprowadzone w skali laboratoryjnej były ukierunkowane na analizę inhibitującego wpływu NaCl i włókienniczych środków pomocniczych (środki dyspergujące i sekwestrujące) na proces odbarwiania odczynnikiem Fentona. Przedmiotem badań były syntetyczne ścieki symulujące skład rzeczywistych ścieków włókienniczych, jak również rzeczywiste ścieki powstałe w procesie barwienia reaktywnego. Wykazano zjawisko hamowania odbarwiania odczynnikiem Fentona w obecności NaCl, a także środków powierzchniowo czynnych. Wykonano dodatkowe eksperymenty z wykorzystaniem radiolizy impulsowej w celu potwierdzenia wpływu obecności jonów chlorkowych na hamowanie procesu odbarwiania.
4
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Evaluation of Biogas Collection from Reed Canary Grass, Depending on Nitrogen Fertilisation Levels

100%
Kacprzak A., Matyka M., Krzystek L., Ledakowicz S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2012
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vol. 33
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issue 4
697-701
EN
The world in 21st century is facing the problem of growing energy consumption while the supply of fossil fuels is being reduced. This resulted in the development of research into the use of renewable energy sources and development of new technologies for energy production. In Polish conditions the development of agricultural biogas plants finds its legitimacy in the document developed by the Ministry titled "Trends in agricultural biogas plants in Poland in 2010-2020”. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the weather conditions and the degree of nitrogen fertilisation on yield of reed canary grass (Phalaris Arundinacea L.) and to determine their susceptibility to anaerobic digestion, and usefulness of the production of biogas. Carried out experiments showed that increasing nitrogen fertilisation (from 40 to 120 kg N/ha) linearly increased canary grass green biomass yield from 32 to 46.3 t/ha. However, the highest biogas yield 126 m3/ha was obtained when 80 kg N/ha was applied.
5
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INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE LOADING AND DETACHMENT CONDITIONS ON A PLANE BIOFILM BEHAVIOUR

100%
Blatkiewicz M., Tabiś B., Ledakowicz S.
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vol. 34
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issue 4
463-477
EN
A mathematical model of a plane, steady state biofilm, with the use of a single substrate kinetics, was proposed. A set of differential equations was solved. In order to analyse the biofilm’s behaviour, a number of simulations were performed. The simulations included varying process parameters such as detachment coefficient and substrate loading. Two detachment models were taken into consideration: one describing the detachment ratio as proportional to the thickness of the biofilm, and the other one proportional to the thickness of the biofilm squared. The results provided information about substrate and live cell distribution in biofilm and the influence of certain parameters on biofilm behaviour.
6
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Impact of bioreactor scale on lovastatin biosynthesis byAspergillus terreusATCC 20542 in a batch culture

100%
Pawlak M., Bizukojć M., Ledakowicz S.
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EN
Biosynthesis of lovastatin (a polyketide metabolite of Aspergillus terreus) in bioreactors of different working volume was studied to indicate how the change of scale of the process influences the formation of this metabolite. The experiments conducted in shake flasks of 150 ml working volume allowed to obtain lovastatin titres at the level of 87.5 mg LOV l-1, when two carbon sources, namely lactose and glycerol were used. The application of the same components in a large stirred-tank bioreactor of 5.3-litre working volume caused a decrease of lovastatin production by 87% compared to the shake flask culture. The deficiency of nitrogen in this bioreactor did not favour the formation of lovastatin, in contrast to the small bioreactor of 1.95-litre working volume, in which lovastatin titres comparable to those in the shake flasks could be achieved, when organic nitrogen concentration was two-fold decreased. When the control of pH and/or pO2 was used simultaneously, an increase in lovastatin production was observed in the bioreactors. However, these results were still slightly lower than lovastatin titres obtained in the shake flasks.
7
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KINETIC CHARACTERISATION OF CATALYSTS FOR METHANOL SYNTHESIS

76%
Ledakowicz S., Nowicki L., Petera J., Nizioł J., Kowalik P., Gołębiowski A.
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vol. 34
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issue 4
497-506
EN
The results of activity studies of four catalysts in methanol synthesis have been presented. A standard industrial catalyst TMC-3/1 was compared with two methanol catalysts promoted by the addition of magnesium and one promoted by zirconium. The kinetic analysis of the experimental results shows that the Cu/Zn/Al/Mg/1 catalyst was the least active. Although TMC-3/1 and Cu/Zn/Al/Mg/2 catalysts were characterised by a higher activity, the most active catalyst system was Cu/Zn/Al/Zr. The activity calculated for zirconium doped catalyst under operating conditions was approximately 30% higher that of TMC-3/1catalyst. The experimental data were used to identify the rate equations of two types - one purely empirical power rate equation and the other one - the Vanden Bussche & Froment kinetic model of methanol synthesis. The Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst modified with zirconium has the highest application potential in methanol synthesis.
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