In recent times, trace elemental analysis of various samples have an important role in human life. Ramagundam, one of the oldest coal mining areas in Telangana, India was explored for the soil trace elemental analysis. EDXRF technique was used to analyze the soil samples and quantification was also performed using the nEXT software. Nine soil samples were collected from coal mining area from Ramagundam and one soil sample was collected from agriculture area, which is considered as a control sample. Seven elements V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn were found and the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, V, and Cr were observed at the extreme level when compared with other elements. The elements V, Cr, and Ni are known to be toxic even at lower concentrations. These results were compared with NIST 2587 and control soil and found a wide variation in their elemental composition. The elements i.e., Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn have a major role in human physiology, plant growth, and development. Since they are found to contain a substantial amount of micro-nutrients in these samples, it would lead to the betterment of the socio-economic life of the people living in the area of mining.
The incidence of infantile autism due to developmental brain disorders has been permanently increasing in many parts of the world. Autism is characterized by impairments of communication and reciprocal social interaction and by restricted repetitive behaviours or interests. The causes of these disorders are not yet known. Experimental studies and clinical observation suggest that genetic and environmental factors could converge to result in neurotoxic mechanisms. These may lead to the development of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Several recent studies have indicated that perinatal exposure to environmental toxins may be the risk factor for ASD, among them: polybrominated diphenyl, esters, phthalates, bisphenol A, tetrabrombisphenol A, solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals. They can easily pass the placental and blood brain barriers and affect brain development.
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W wielu częściach świata stale wzrasta autyzm wieku dziecięcego, wywołany zaburzeniami rozwojowymi mózgu. Autyzm charakteryzuje się zaburzeniami komunikacji/interakcji społecznych oraz występowaniem powtarzalnych stereotypowych zachowań. Przyczyny tych zaburzeń nie zostały dotąd wyjaśnione. Badania doświadczalne oraz obserwacje kliniczne sugerują mechanizm neurotoksyczny wynikający z genetycznych i środowiskowych uwarunkowań. Mogą one prowadzić do rozwoju zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD). Wiele aktualnych badań wskazuje na to, iż perinatalne narażenie na toksyny środowiskowe może stanowić czynnik ryzyka dla ASD, pośród nich estry, bisfenol A, tetrabromobisfenol A, rozpuszczalniki, metale ciężkie, ftalany.
The study was carried out to ascertain seasonal variation in heavy metal distribution in sediments from Dams located in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Sediment samples were collected twice each at two different seasons for two years from May to September, 2014 and November-December, 2014 to March, 2015 for wet and dry seasons, respectively. Similarly, sediment samples were collected from May to September, 2015 and November-December, 2015 to March, 2016 for wet and dry seasons, respectively. The samples were then assessed for heavy metal properties, using atomic absorption spectrophotography (AAS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then applied. The mean results of the heavy metal levels showed high values in dry seasons and low values in wet seasons in the two years of the study. Herein, the results of ANOVA revealed significant difference in the heavy metal concentrations between the seasons, dams and years. Our study also indicated that for heavy metals, the levels determined in sediments were within the WHO acceptable standards, except for Pb and Mn. These exceeded the WHO acceptable standards for drinking water. Based on these results, the dam waters are, therefore, polluted and unsuitable for human consumption, except after treatment.
Due to the differences in reporting units and methodology on microplastics (MP) studies, there has been some difficulty in comparing results across studies. In this study, we presented index models that can be address this issue. Index models for pollution and health risks assessment was applied to MP data obtained from rivers in Nwangele L.G.A. Models such as microplastics contamination factor (MPCF), microplastics pollution load index (MPPLI), Microplastics polymer risk indices (Hi) and pollution risk index (MPR) for pollution and contamination assessment. Health risk models such estimated daily intake (EDI) and microplastic carcinogenic risks (MPCR) through oral and dermal pathway were also presented and applied. Results showed that there is no direct correlation of MP abundance with MPR. However, Hi correlated but with MPR. Increased MPs pollution risks and levels were extensively subject to the presence of harmful MPs polymers, just as the high MPs pollution loads index (MPPLI). The index models enabled easy comparison of MP pollution of the different rivers and provided concise information on the status of MPs in the rivers.
Introduction: During the first 24 hours of hospitalization, neonates with ductus-dependent CHD are exposed to a number of traumatic impulses arising from the need for necessary care and therapeutic procedures. Material and methods: The studied group consisted of neonates in a stable condition, suffering from ductusdependent CHD, monitored from the first to the fifth day of their life. The research involved the observation of 10 patients of the cardiac ward at the University Children’s Hospital. The research was carried out by means of the following methods: observation with available assessment tools, such as author’s questionnaire, CRIES scale, sound mlevel meter and stopper. Results: The total number of all procedures performed on the group of 10 neonates amounted to 622 per day. The average number of invasive procedures per day performed on one patient was 6.6, while the procedures connected with touching averaged at 57.3. The average daily noise level amounted to 72.2 dB; the total daily time of exposure to artificial light averaged at 87 minutes, with the average duration of a single lighting episode lasting 14.6 minutes. The average pain level of a neonate connected with chosen invasive procedures fell between 5 and 7 points in the CRIES scale. Conclusions: The impact of traumatic factors disrupts the process of adaptation, may adversely influence further development of central nervous system, perception and sense organs and disturbs psychological development.
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Wstęp: Noworodki z przewodozależną wrodzoną wadą serca, są narażone w pierwszej dobie hospitalizacji na szereg traumatycznych bodźców związanych z działaniami pielęgnacyjno–opiekuńczymi oraz leczniczymi. Materiał i metody: Grupę badawczą stanowiły noworodki z przewodozależną wadą serca w wieku od 1–5. doby życia, w stabilnym stanie zdrowia, urodzone o czasie. Badaniami objęto 10 pacjentów oddziału kardiologicznego USD w Krakowie. Metodę badawczą stanowiła obserwacja noworodków oraz ich ekspozycji na czynniki traumatyczne w pierwszej dobie hospitalizacji. Badano natężenie hałasu w sali, liczbę epizodów i czas ekspozycji na światło sztuczne w ciągu doby, liczbę traumatycznych procedur wykonywanych u pacjenta, poziom natężenia bólu, oraz oszacowano przybliżoną długość snu. W badaniu zastosowano: autorski kwestionariusz, skalę CRIES, decybelomierz i stoper.procedur w grupie 10. noworodków wyniosła 622. Średnio na jednego noworodka przypadły 62 procedury. Średnia dobowa liczba procedur inwazyjnych wykonanych u jednego pacjenta wyniosła 6,6, natomiast interwencji skorelowanych z dotykiem 57,3. Średnie dobowe natężenie hałasu wyniosło 72,2 dB, średni całkowity czas dobowej ekspozycji na światło sztuczne wyniósł 87 min., przy średniej długości pojedynczego epizodu oświetlania 14,6 min. Średni poziom natężenia bólu u noworodków w stosunku do wybranych procedur inwazyjnych mieścił się w granicach od 5 do 7 pkt. w skali CRIES. Wnioski: Oddziaływanie czynników traumatycznych na noworodki zaburza proces ich adaptacji oraz może negatywnie wpływać na dalszy rozwój ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, psychicznego i narządów percepcji sensorycznej.
The present work measures the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse to remove excess lead from groundwater. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorption equilibrium, and the effects of four parameters (pH, adsorbent dosage, equilibrium time and particle size) on the adsorption of lead were investigated. Characterization of the adsorbent was carried out through SEM and FTIR instruments. Results confirm that the adsorption of lead takes place successfully on the surface of the adsorbent. The maximum efficiency of adsorption is up to 50% achieved in 5g adsorbent dosage, at an optimum pH 5, with a contact time of 120 minutes and 53 μm adsorbent size at 38.
Coastal areas are very vulnerable to various pressures, developments, and changes. In the last three decades, due to the process of abrasion and accretion, there have been changes in coastlines in various coastal areas in Indonesia. Coastal abrasion and accretion are major concerns in coastal management. Morphological changes have had a major impact on land use and the socio-economic development of communities in coastal areas. In connection with this issue, it is necessary to conduct a study that aims to determine the rate and location of coastline changes in Pangandaran Regency. Considering that Pangandaran Regency is one of the southern regions of Java which is directly facing the Indian Ocean it has high coastal dynamics. In addition, Pangandaran beach is a beach tourism destination that is quite well known and has the potential to be developed, but in some locations, there are indications of a significant decline in the coastline. In this study, Landsat satellite images in time series (1994-2014) were analyzed using remote sensing technology and GIS approaches. Analysis of coastline change was carried out using the DSAS program. The results of the study show that the coastline change in Pangandran is dominated by abrasion at a rate of about -2.5 to -0.1 meters/year. The rate of change of the Pangandaran coastline which experienced the highest abrasion was -4.7 meters/year and the lowest was -0.1 meters/year, while the highest accretion rate was 40.1 meters/year and the lowest was 0.1 meters/year. Maximum abrasion is located at Sukaresik village (Sidamulih Sub-district) at the mouth of the Karang Tirta River. The minimum abrasion is located at Pananjung village. Meanwhile, accretion occurred in several villages such as Pananjung Village, Wonoharjo Village (Pangandaran Sub-district), Balogo Village (Kalipucang Sub-district), Kerta Mukti Village (Cimerak Sub-district), and Cikambulan Village (Sidamulih Sub-district). Minimum accretion is located at Pananjung village and maximum accretion is located at Bagolo village near the estuary of Citanduy River.
Cadmium exposure, which can lead to neurotoxic, nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects, is primarily related to the consumption of products of plant origin. In recent years, a new consumer behavior may be observed, often referring to the local folk traditions. One of them is birch tree sap collecting and consumption. The aim of the study is to assess the cadmium content in birch tree sap collected from an agricultural area which, until recently, has been intensively exploited. Samples were taken from four localizations with a known history of agricultural use. The cadmium content in the tree sap samples was estimated by an atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. A significantly greater amount of cadmium was found in the tree sap collected from the localizations where potatoes were grown (4.251.99 µg/kg and 4.1151.56 µg/kg). In turn, the smallest amount was recorded near the farm (1.6652.86 µg/kg), where there was no cultivation. The cadmium content found in the studied birch tree sap samples is much lower than the maximum levels specified in the applicable legislation. Thus, birch tree sap consumed in the Niwiska municipality (Podkarpackie voivodeship) can be regarded as safe and does not pose health risks in terms of cadmium content.
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Narażenie na kadm, metal ciężki o znanym działaniu neurotoksycznym, nefrotoksycznym i rakotwórczym, wiąże się przede wszystkim ze spożywaniem produktów pochodzenia roślinnego. W ostatnich latach wzrasta popularność nowych, często odwołujących się do tradycji ludowych, zachowań konsumenckich. Jednym z nich jest pobieranie i spożywanie brzozowych soków drzewnych. Celem pracy jest ocena zawartości kadmu w sokach brzozowych z intensywnie do niedawna eksploatowanego terenu rolniczego. Próbki pobrano z czterech stanowisk o ustalonej historii użytkowania rolniczego. Zawartość kadmu w sokach brzozowych oszacowano metodą atomowej spektroskopii absorpcyjnej. Istotnie większą ilość kadmu zawierał sok brzóz rosnących na stanowiskach, które służyły niegdyś uprawie ziemniaków (4,2151,99 µg/kg oraz 4,1151,56 µg/kg), a najmniejszą – w pobliżu gospodarstwa (1,6652,86 µg/kg), gdzie nie były prowadzone uprawy. Odnotowane w sokach brzozowych zawartości kadmu są znacznie niższe, aniżeli najwyższe dopuszczalne poziomy zawartości, określone w obowiązujących aktach prawnych. Soki drzewne brzozowe, konsumowane na terenie gminy Niwiska (województwo podkarpackie), uznać można zatem za bezpieczne i nie stwarzające zagrożenia pod względem zawartości kadmu.
Environmental pollution particularly heavy metal pollution into aquatic ecosystem has led to multiple damage in almost all life forms. Cadmium is one of the priority pollutant listed by United States Environmental Protection Agency or US EPA that widely known to have an adverse effect to organisms as well as human health. One type of organism that is susceptible to the effects of metal pollution is phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is a group of microalgae that are easy to find and are primary producers in aquatic environments. Phytoplankton plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems because they serve as primary producers. They are representing the water total primary productivity and reinforcing the aquatic life on the higher food chain. Thus, any threats that endangered the population of phytoplankton can lead to trophical cascade or even worse, biodiversity loss. The exposure of cadmium in high concentration to phytoplankton can lead to various impact including cell damage and disruption, biosynthesis inhibition of photosynthetic pigment (e.g. chlorophyll and carotenoid), chlorphyll degradation or known as chlorosis, thylakoid membrane degradation, inhibition of cellular metabolism and cell division. It is important to study the impact of cadmium to phytoplankton in a cellular level to better understand what mechanism lies and to what extent that the cadmium will be transferred to higher trophical organism via bioaccumulation or biomagnification.
In the last five decades, the variation for increase in population and decrease in available clean water is noticeable. To meet with growing water requirements, along with the wastewater from municipal sewage treatment plants, it is critical to consider the reuse of industrial wastewater wherever possible. In the Indian context, this has already been started in some of the big industries, especially in metro cities and it must be implemented at all level possible industries. Ultrafiltration (UF), reverse-osmosis (RO) and membrane bioreactors (MBR) will be integral parts of this. Waste water reuse is not only a necessity, it also provides several eco-friendly benefits.
Metals added to soil will normally be retained at the soil surface. Movement of metals into other environmental compartments, i.e., ground water, surface water, or the atmosphere, should be minimal as long as the retention capacity of the soil is not exceeded. The extent of movement of a metal in the soil system is intimately related to the solution and surface chemistry of the soil and to the specific properties of the metal and associated waste matrix. The retention mechanisms for metals added to soil include adsorption of the metal by the soil solid surfaces and precipitation. The retention of cationic metals by soil has been correlated with such soil properties as pH, redox potential, surface area, cation exchange capacity, organic mater content, clay content, iron and manganese oxide content and carbonate content. Anion retention has been correlated with pH, iron and manganese oxide content and redox potential. In addition to soil properties, consideration must be given to the type of metal and its concentration and to the presence of competing ions, complexing ligands, and the pH and redox potential of the soil-waste matrix.
Despite the popular perception of protected areas, forest resources are still subject to many forms of anthropogenic activities such as logging, hunting and burning. This necessitates the study on the impact of anthropogenic activities on vegetation cover and mammalian herbivores in Afi mountain wildlife sanctuary. Four communities around the study area namely; Ebok, kakukob, Esekwe and Olum were selected based on proximity to the sanctuary. Data on socio-economic characteristic and anthropogenic activities of the communities were determined using questionnaire. A total of sixty (60) copies of questionnaire, 15 each were distributed to the four communities. Dynamics in vegetation cover for 1985, 2000 and 2021 was determined using landsat imagery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The result revealed that, males (65.0%) were the dominant respondents. The study respondents were in the age bracket between 41-50 years (51.6%) and majority (51.7%) can at least read and write. The result also indicates a drastic decrease in the forest cover as from 1985-2021, owning to increase in activities such as settlement, logging and farming within the sanctuary. Major threats to the vegetation cover and mammalian herbivores survival were farming, logging and illegal hunting. Conservation of the remaining forest resources should be given top priority.
An effective adsorption model was developed by S. Nir in 1978 for predicting adsorption to synthetic membranes and was also adapted by him afterwards to clay minerals. The main principles of the model are the solution of the electrostatic Gouy-Chapman equations while calculating the adsorbed amounts of the cations as the sum of those residing in the double-layer region and the cations that are chemically bound in a closed system. Thus, the equilibrium concentration in solution is influenced by the adsorption as the function of the amounts bound. The model was later developed and adapted for the adsorption of METAL cations, and, in most cases, the fit of calculated results to measured adsorbed amounts of cations was very good, after calibrating the model for the chemical tested, with only two adjustable parameters for each chemical. In the current work, we tested the applicability of this model for the adsorption of a monovalent and a divalent METAL cation by several soils, by considering the cation exchange capacities (CEC) and the specific surface areas (SSA) of the soils. For three out of four soils, a very good fit was obtained by using the required parameters for the calculations from previous studies of cation adsorption on clay minerals. The main advantage of the presented model over Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms is that no additional changes in the parameters were needed when the background concentration of salts in the suspensions was increased from 10 to 50 or 500 mM.
The influence of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan from the range of DD = 75–90% on the effectiveness of sorption of nitrates from aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the research included: determining the effect of pH on the effectiveness of N-NO3 binding on chitosan sorbents and determining the sorption capacity of chitosan sorbents with different degrees of deacetylation after 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The effectiveness of sorption of nitrates on chitosan sorbents increased in the series DD=75% < DD=85% < DD=90%. Regardless of the degree of deacetylation, the sorption effectiveness of nitrates on chitosan was the highest at pH 4. The amount of nitrate-related sorbents was the highest after 30 min of sorption. A process time which was too long resulted in desorption of nitrates. The maximum sorption capacity for chitosan with the degree of deacetylation DD = 75, 85 and 90% was 0.59 mg N-NO3/g, 0.60 mg N-NO3/g and 0.87 mg N-NO3/g, respectively.
The work presents a comparison of estrogenic activity measured in 30 milk products generally available on the Polish market. The samples selected for the examination were skim, semi-skim, and full-fat cow’s milk, goat’s milk, blue cheese, yogurt, cottage cheese, sour crème, and butter. Estrogenic activity in samples was determined using in vitro yeast reporter bioassay after enzymatic hydrolysis and dSPE extraction. Estrogenic activity was found in 56,7% of the samples. There was a positive correlation between the fat content of the product and estrogenic activity. The highest estrogen activity was found in butter; the lowest, in skim milk. Our results lead to the conclusion that milk and its products may be an important source of estrogens, especially for the most vulnerable populations.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono porównanie aktywności estrogennej 30 produktów mleczarskich ogólnie dostępnych na polskim rynku. Próbkami wybranymi do badania były odtłuszczone, półtłuste i tłuste mleko krowie, mleko kozie, ser pleśniowy, jogurt, twaróg, śmietana i masło. Aktywność estrogenną w próbkach badano z użyciem testu in vitro opartego na transgenicznych komórkach drożdży po hydrolizie enzymatycznej i ekstrakcji dSPE. Aktywność estrogenną stwierdzono w 56,7% próbek. Stwierdzono dodatnią korelację pomiędzy zawartością tłuszczu w badanych próbkach a zmierzoną aktywnością estrogenną. Najwyższą aktywność estrogenną stwierdzono dla próbek masła, najniższą dla mleka odtłuszczonego. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają sądzić, że mleko i jego produkty mogą być ważnym źródłem estrogenów, zwłaszcza dla grup najbardziej wrażliwych.
The assessment of air quality and meteorological variables in Lower Stubbs Creek, Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria was carried out using portable hand held gas monitors for atmospheric gases and hygrometer, thermometer, anemometer and digital compass for relative humidity, temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Parameters measured were SO2, NO2, H2S, CO, NH3, Cl2, HCN, PM2.5, PM10, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed and wind direction. The results for the atmospheric gases followed this decreasing magnitude; PM10 (110.35 µ/m3) > PM2.5 (55.66 µ/m3) > CO (19.00 ppm) > NH3 (5.86 ppm) > HCN (1.41 ppm) > H2S (0.77 ppm) > Cl2 (0.47 ppm) > NO2 (0.28 ppm) > SO2 (0.26 ppm). For the meteorological variables, the mean values for temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were 25.86 ºC, 67.71 % and 1.17 m/s. The predominant wind direction was the North Easterly winds. The result for the air quality using 5 criteria pollutants showed that NO2, SO2 had Air Quality Index (AQI) values of 0 each, while CO, PM2.5 and PM10 had AQI values of 224, 151 and 78, respectively. Based on the air quality ratings, the average concentrations of NO2, and SO2 in the atmosphere were good while the concentrations of CO, PM2.5 and PM10 were very unhealthy, unhealthy and moderate, respectively. This study shows that this region is polluted with CO and particulate matters, hence requires prompt intervention plans and consistent monitoring.
Active substances of some poisonous plants and venomous animals are a health risk for humans. This work analyzes statistical data for cases of poisoning with poisonous plants and animal venoms in the Silesian province in the years 2010–2016. The number of cases due to poisonous plants (approx. 50 patients per year) and animal venom (approx. 20 patients per year) remained constant and low, accounting for 1.19% and 0.48%, respectively, of all patients treated for poisoning
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Substancje czynne niektórych roślin trujących i jady zwierzęce stanowią zagrożenie zdrowotne dla człowieka. W pracy przeanalizowano dane statystyczne przypadków zatruć roślinami trującymi i jadami zwierzęcymi na terenie województwa Śląskiego w latach 2010–2016. Zaobserwowano utrzymywanie się stałej niskiej liczby zatrutych ro- ślinami (ok. 50 osób rocznie) i jadami zwierzęcymi (ok. 20 osób rocznie), co stanowiło odpowiednio 1,19% i 0,48% wszystkich leczonych z powodu zatrucia.
The clean-up operations following the Chernobyl accident were arguably the greatest in the history of mankind. This paper is not intended to give a comprehensive review of the Chernobyl related research, we present only a review of the scientific literature available till now about the “liquidators”, i.e. people who performed the task of decontamination work near the damaged Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Most of the approximately 300,000 liquidators who took part in the mitigation of the local consequences of the Chernobyl accident between 1986 and 1989 received only low radiation doses which are comparable or lower than those documented in nuclear worker registries. The health consequences from these radiation doses are too small to be identifiable in any epidemiological study that does not target specific sub-groups with potentially higher exposure. From our review of the published literature, several criteria are derived which could be used to identify potentially suitable sub-populations; in particular, among those being the liquidators who participated in the clean-up work during in 1986, including CNPP staff, special groups such as the “sarcophagus workers” (39), helicopter crews (3, 48), liquidators from the Institute of Biophysics who had participated in clean-up work in Chernobyl (12, 20), the Samoilenko group (12), sarcophagus builders (12) and groups other that the aforementioned.
A comprehensive review of literature was carried out to evaluate the presence of heavy metals (HMs), with a view to study its effect on man, plants and aquatic organisms in Ebonyi State, southeastern Nigeria. From reviewed literature it was observed that the major source of HM in soil and water can be attributed to anthropogenic activities such as mining and quarrying. Geogenic activities were also implicated by some scholars. Detail analysis showed that 62 % of HMs in water and soil is attributed to mining, while 23 % is attributed to indiscriminate waste disposal, and 15 % is due of other human and geogenic activities. The accumulation of HMs in plants, soil and water poses a serious risk to human, plants and aquatic organisms within the study area. The occurrence of HMs in soil and water if not properly monitored may tend to increase in years to come and this may have negative impact on plants and aquatic organisms. Severe health effects of humans are inevitable. Therefore, constant re-evaluating of HM in water and soil in the area is highly required.
Despite recording the worst heavy metal disaster involving children, there is still scarcity of information on risk assessment of playground soils in Nigeria. In this study, thirty-six soil samples at 0-5 cm depth were collected from nine playgrounds in Owerri metropolis during the dry and rainy seasons. Five heavy metals were fractionated into six chemical fractions using a modified sequential extraction scheme and mean concentrations quantified by AAnalyst 400 Perkin Elmer AAS. Predictive risk models were used to obtain information about the risk of metals contamination to children using these playgrounds for longer periods. These reveal that there were no significant differences in the mean values of bioconcentration factors of all five metals in the various playgrounds for the two years of data. Even though risk values for both dry and rainy season followed the same trend, it was observed that the Zinc showed highest bioconcentration factors (1.6), average daily dose (230.08 mg/kg/day) and risk (5095593 mg/kg/6years). Over all, playgrounds UPS, TSO and SCP had highest mean risk values, respectively. Though with no clear trend, mobility factors showed a weak and positive correlation with risk. Children in playgrounds of public schools within Owerri metropolis could, therefore, be at risk of Mn, Cu and Zn toxicity problems as projected risk values were high for all studied playgrounds. This assessment could help identify playgrounds with urgent need for heavy metals reduction goals, consequently contributing to preserving children’s health.
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