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EN
Ozone is a natural and artificial chemical compound of Earth’s atmosphere. O3 is an absorbent of ultraviolet and infrared radiation and has strong oxidative properties. In the stratosphere the ozone layer protects the planet’s surface from dangerous UV radiation, its indirect effect on plant organisms is positive so stratospheric ozone can be called “good” ozone. The depletion of the ozone layer, as a result of atmosphere pollution, described as an ozone “hole” is causing UVB radiation enhanced level on Earth’s surface. The genetic, cytological, physiological and morphological reaction of prolonged UVB exposure in plants is twofold: it damages plants and simultaneously plants protect themselves and repair their injuries. The ozone in the troposphere originates from natural sources and is also a secondary pollutant, formed in photochemical reactions, leading to “smog” and ozone “spots” occurrence. As a strong oxidant, O3 is directly toxic to plants and can be recognized as “bad” ozone. Ozone is also classified as a “greenhouse” gas, participating in global warming. It is difficult to value the impact of O3 as a “greenhouse” gas on plants. The combined effect of O3 changes in the stratosphere and troposphere on plants can be estimated as loss in crop yield and in productivity of natural ecosystems
PL
Ozon O3 jest naturalnym, ale również sztucznym składnikiem chemicznym atmosfery ziemskiej. Jest absorbentem promieniowania ultrafioletowego i podczerwonego oraz ma silne właściwości utleniające. W stratosferze warstwa ozonowa chroni powierzchnię planety przed niebezpiecznym promieniowaniem UV, pośredni wpływ O3 stratosferycznego na rośliny jest więc pozytywny i O3 stratosferyczny można nazwać „dobrym” ozonem. Zubożenie warstwy ozonowej wynikające z zanieczyszczenia atmosfery, a opisywane jako „dziura” ozonowa, jest przyczyną zwiększonego promieniowanie UVB na poziomie powierzchni Ziemi. Genetyczne, cytologiczne, fizjologiczne i morfologiczne reakcje roślin na długotrwałe działanie nadmiaru UVB są dwojakie: niszczą rośliny, a jednocześnie rośliny chronią siebie i naprawiają swoje uszkodzenia ozonowe. Ozon w troposferze pochodzi ze źródeł naturalnych, a także jest wtórnym zanieczyszczeniem, które powstało w reakcjach fotochemicznych, co prowadzi do przypadków „smogu” i „plam” ozonowych. Jako silny utleniacz O3 jest bezpośrednio toksyczny dla roślin. O3 może powodować specyficzne ozonowe uszkodzenia roślin i zostać uznany za „zły” ozon. Ozon jest także sklasyfikowany jako jeden z gazów „cieplarnianych”, biorąc udział w globalnym ociepleniu. Trudno jest jednak ocenić wpływ O3 jako jednego z gazów „cieplarnianych” na rośliny Łączny wpływ zmian O3 w stratosferze i troposferze na rośliny można ocenić jako utratę plonów i zmniejszenie produktywności naturalnych ekosystemów
Kosmos
|
2007
|
vol. 56
|
issue 1-2
133-142
EN
Parasitism among angiosperms is not a widespread phenomenon as it occurrs in approximately 1% of known species. Nevertheless, some parasitic weeds have great economic importance - among them are destructive pathogens of commercially valuable crops and pathogens of coniferous trees in many regions of the world. Parasitic angiosperms are a taxonomically, structurally and physiologically differentiated group of plants that rely on a neighboring plant for partial or total supply of water and nutrients. The common feature uniting parasitic angiosperms is the presence of haustorium, a specialized organ that attaches the parasite to its host and allows for extraction of solutes from the host`s vascular system. Parasitic plants are often classified as hemiparasitic or holoparasitic, depending on the extent of their inability to produce their own reduced carbon. Holoparasitic species are obligate parasites and as such lack chlorophyll and have little independent capacity to assimilate carbon and inorganic nutrients. Hemiparasites have chlorophyllus and are autotrophic to some extent. They can be further divided into facultative and obligate parasites, depending on whether or not they are capable of completing their lifecycle in the absence of the host. Parasitic plants have different modes of invading host plants, some develop haustoria on the roots whereas others invade aerial parts of the host. They infect their hosts to rob them of water, minerals and nutrients and compete for resources. The direct effect of infestation is the reduction of host is dry matter production, change of its shoot/root allometry, the decrease in reproductive output and sometimes finally killing of the host. Parasitic genera vary considerably in their habits and host ranges and can indirectly influence their hosts by shifting the competitive balance and resource cycling in ecosystems. This can result in change in ecosystems of relative species composition under future CO2 -rich atmosphere and climate warming, known as the greenhouse effect.
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