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Antimicrobial studies and phytochemical analysis of the fruits and leaves of Cnestis ferruginea

100%
Ebana R. U. B., Edet U. O., Atang D. E., Iyere L. A.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 25
188-198
EN
Few studies have shown that Cnestis ferruginea possess some therapeutic properties. The present study was aimed screening the extracts of the fruits and leaves of Cnestis ferruginea for phytochemicals using crude screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) methods, and also antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates. Preparation of the extracts (aqueous and ethanolic), identification of isolates, and antimicrobial sensitivity were done using previously reported standard methodologies. Replicate readings for the antimicrobial sensitivity were analysed using analysis of variance at 95% level of significance. The result of the crude qualitative screening revealed the presence of phenol, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannin and polyphenol in various amounts in both the leaves and fruits. Quantitative analysis using GC-MS revealed a total of 14 similar phytochemicals each in the leaves and fruits of the study plant in varying amounts. In the fruits, phenol had the highest concentration of 15.01%, followed by terpenes (10.64%), alkaloid (5.43%), and tannins (5.16%). Others were anthocyanins, phytate, phytosterol, steroids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, oxalate, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides and coumarin with concentrations that ranged from to 0.01- 4.21%. On the other hand, in the leaves, alkaloids had the highest concentration of 31.62%, followed by phenol (20.59%), phytate (15.18%), and tannin (12.34%). Others include were flavonoid, terpenes, phytosterol, cardiac glycosides, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, oxalate, anthocyanins, steroids and coumarin with concentrations that ranged from 0.16-8.45%. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. The results of the antimicrobial sensitivity revealed varying zones of inhibitions; however, it increased as the concentration of the extract increased. The observed highest zones of inhibitions were 33.86 mm for the fruit ethanolic extract and 30.56 mm for the aqueous extract of the leaves against Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.
2
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Isolation of vanconycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the wounds of hospital patients in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

100%
Anosike I. K., Ebana R. U. B., Edet U. O., Umoh I. S.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 24
134-144
EN
Staphylococcus aureus is a very important human pathogen that generates a number of human infections. Isolation of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) was carried out from wound samples of patients attending University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. A total of 45 wound samples from 15 patients were collected aseptically in triplicate, using sterile cotton swabs moistened in sterile normal saline. Microbiological analysis and susceptibility to vancomycin, including minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC), were carried out using standard methodologies. A total of 15 isolates were obtained and these showed varying MIC and MBC patterns. Out of the 15 S. aureus isolated, only one isolate had an MIC of approximately 4 µg/ml, while twelve isolates gave MIC values that ranged from 15.62 µg/ml to 250 µg/ml. The remaining 2 isolates gave MIC values that were ≥ 500 µg/ml. These 2 isolates exhibited alpha haemolysis on blood agar, unlike the others that were beta haemolytic. The results of the MBC also showed variations amongst the isolates. A total of 10 isolates gave MBC values that ranged from 62.5 µg/ml to 500 µg/ml, while the remaining 5 isolates gave MBC values that were ≥ 500 µg/ml. The high MIC and MBC values obtained showed that vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is increasing at an alarming rate, and this accounts for the gradual decline in the effectiveness associated with the use of vancomycin. Given the widespread prevalence of VRSA, there is a need for newer therapeutics that can reverse this surge.
3
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Bdellovibrio and like organisms: The much-anticipated “magic bullet”

100%
Ebana R. U. B., Edet U. O., Anosike I. K., Etok C. A.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 23
233-249
EN
With advances in next generation sequencing and microscopy, a clearer picture is beginning to emerge about the predatory properties of Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs). BALOs are Gram negative microorganisms which are natural predators of other Gram-negative microorganisms, especially those associated with diseases in humans and animals. One of the limitations of BALOs is their inability to prey upon Gram-positive organisms that cause the bulk of human diseases. The global spread of antibiotics resistance to almost every group of antibiotics, and the paucity of newer antibiotics since 1970s is very worrisome. The ability of BALOs to decimate pathogen populations principally those carrying multidrug résistance genes coupled with the increasing rate of antibiotics resistance, has made them an attractive option as biocontrol agents. With the absence of resistance to BALOs, these much anticipated “magic bullets” will certainly find more and more applications in health, agriculture, medicine and environment in the nearest future.
4
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Nutritional analysis and wine production potentials of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) leaves and Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) using Baker’s and palm wine yeast strains

88%
Ebana R. U. B., Edet U. O., Anosike K. I., Etok C. A., Kanu T. O.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 22
12-30
EN
Telfairia occidentalis leaves and Cucumis sativus (cucumber) are vegetables that grow best in Tropical countries like Nigeria and have good nutritional properties but are highly perishable. Both vegetables were evaluated for wine production singly and in composite forms using palm wine and Baker’s yeast strains. In addition to wine production, the vegetables were screened for phytochemicals, anti-nutrients and nutrients (proximate composition, elements and vitamins) using standard methodologies. Proximate composition (g/100g dry matter) revealed that T. occidentalis leaves had moisture content, ash, protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents of 86.60±0.10, 5.72±0.02, 4.30±0.10, 0.97±0.02, 6.30±0.10 and 82.45±0.02, respectively. In contrast, Cucumis sativus had a moisture content, ash, protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents of 96.75±0.01, 5.40±0.02, 13.50±0.02, 10.30±0.10, and 66.12±0.01, respectively. Both plants contained various phytochemicals, including alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, reducing compounds and polyphenol, but not anthraquinones and phlabotanins. However, on quantification, reducing compounds and polyphenol recorded the highest concentrations. Vitamins A and C were detected in both samples. C. sativus had high amounts of K, P, and Mg and moderate amounts of Ca, Na, Cu, Fe and Mg. T. occidentalis leaves had moderate amounts of Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca and Na. Anti-nutrients levels were all below allowable regulatory limits for vegetables. Density, pH and alcohol values ranged from 0.20 - 0.99, 0.30- 4.6 and 1.95 - 9.94%, respectively. Sensory evaluation of the wine samples showed that wine produced from 70% fluted pumpkin and 30% cucumber had the best scores in terms of acceptability, taste, aroma and appearance. Given the findings in the study, wine production using tropical vegetables could double as a viable alternative to tropical fruits and also help to curb post-harvest losses commonly experienced in the tropics.
5
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Human microbiome diversity: implications in health, disease, and applications

64%
Mboto C. I., Edet U. O., Mbim E. N., Zenoh D. A., Umego C. F., Odidi F. S., Tarh J., Upula S. A.
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vol. 21
98-117
EN
The human microbiome is a complex collection of microorganisms, including their genes and the metabolites colonizing the human body, and playing various functions in health and disease. The arrival of culture-independent molecular techniques such as metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have removed the limitations imposed by culture-dependent techniques. These advanced techniques have also brought about some paradigm shifts in what is known about the structural and functional diversities of the human microbiome in health and disease. The dynamics of the human microbiome is implicated in a number of human gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. This makes it a contemporary issue in biological and medical sciences. Of interest, some applications have already emerged for the human microbiome. These include being the source of antimicrobial substances, faecal microbiome therapy, probiotics, prebiotics and phage therapy. Given that a number of factors can alter the host microbiome - such as environment, lifestyle, stage of life, occupation, mode of delivery, therapy and so on, there is a need for more human microbiome projects that will help to capture these diversities in various continents. Furthermore, for the full impact of the various applications (both potentials and current) of human microbiome to be felt, there is need for more studies that will fully elucidate their physiology in humans.
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