Search results

1

Nadzwyczajne zdarzenia w infrasktrukturze transportu drogowego województwa łódzkiego

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Ziułkiewicz M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac badawczych prowadzonych w ramach Projektu Zamawianego MNiI (K091/P04/2004/11).

EN

The aim of this analysis is to present events, which concerned communication infrastructure in Łódź district in 1999-2004 in river valleys. Valleys' borders were taken from geomorphologic drafts of Detailed Geological Maps in scale of 1 : 50 000. The total number of events was 430, which was 14.2% of total registered events in particular district. Within long lasting period the number of events successively grew, the fastest increase was observed in the group of small events (>= 1 kg of the used sorbent), however medium events were just after small ones (>= 10 kg of the used sorbent). Large local events (>= 100 kg of the used sorbent) did not exceed 10% of the total of small events, with no definite tendency to change. As a result of increase of events number, the amount of used sorbent increased as well. Between 1999 and 2004 its fourfold increase was recorded. During the whole year its warm half year was significantly dominant. The greatest danger for the environment of Łódź district river valleys, according to EWID _99 database, is generated by road transport partially causing chemical and ecological threat. However, the scale of this phenomenon is very changeable. If the amount of used sorbent is compared, it is clear that its 6% were used in chemical and ecological rescue operations in 2000, while 43% in 2003. Between two biggest river valleys crossing Łódź district more endangered one is Warta river valley. During the period of analysis 35 local events took place (8% of total events in river valleys) and 967 of sorbents were used, of which 1% were used to remove ecological elTects. In Pilica valley the number of events was two times smaller, what resulted in usage sixfold smaller amount of sorbents than in Warta valley. Any chemical and ecological events were recorded.

2

Ekstremalne stany wód podziemnych w środkowej Polsce w wieloleciu 1951-2000

100%

Tomalski P., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

W artykule omówiono skład fIzykochemiczny opadów atmosferycznych, wód gruntowych i roztworów porowych. Wody (roztwory) porowe uzyskano za pomocą metody ciśnieniowej z prób gruntów gliniasto-piaszczystych i piaszczystych, pobranych w regionie łódzkim i bełchatowskim. Ustalenie składu jonowego wód pozwoliło na określenie ich typów hydrochemicznych oraz wzajemnych związków między poszczególnymi rodzajami wód. Wskazano również na czynniki antropogeniczne wpływające na zmiany składu wód opadowych, porowych i gruntowych

EN

The aim of this study is to present an analysis of sequence of extreme annual groundwater levels in central part of Poland. Data were obtained from 55 groundwater levels (Fig. I),which were monitored in Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Every sequence has its own theoretically fitted distribution, counted autocorrelation and the number of statistically significant, subsequent coefficients (with shifts from I to 5).Annual minima are best approximated (Fig. 3) by Fisher's-Tippet's distribution (E3). Furthermore, in some cases log-normal, two- and three-parametric distributions (LN2 and LN3) were fitted. It is clearly seen in spatial distribution (Fig. 4) in Pilica river basin that the participation of Fisher's-Tippet's distribution is relatively smaller in this region than in the others. Mean autocorrelation of annual minima (Fig. 5) is equal to 0.59, which means that the levels have big inertia. Annual maxima are best approximated by (Fig. 6) log-normal, twoparametric distribution (LN2). Except this one, in some cases: Gumbell (El), three-parametric log-normal (LN3) and Pearson type III distribution (P3) are fitted. On the north of the investigated area in the spatial arrangement the concentration of LN3 distribution can be clearly seen. The sequences of maximum groundwater levels are characterized by much smaller inertia than sequences of minimum values. Looking at their spatial arrangements (Fig. 8) it cannot be omitted that high RaI values (> 0.8) concern the same region, but not the same wells as in case of minima. Low RaI values « 0.2) are rather evenly distributed. Basing on the approximated distributions, water levels of given probability (of 50% and 10%) of exceeding (for maximum values) and unreachables (for minimum values) were calculated. It allowed to create diagrams (Fig. 9) of the frequency of week-long floods and low flows during the long lasting period. After slightly dry 50s the shortages were supplemented and wet years began (late 60s to the beginning of 80s). Following years belong to a dry period with its apogee in 1990-1993. Afterwards we observe some years of supplementation of aquifers and the beginning of floody period just before the beginning of a new millennium. As in case of other hydrometeorological characteristics we can observe its cyclic nature.

3

Maksymalny czas trwania głębokich niżówek letnich w środkowej Polsce i jego uwarunkowania

100%

Edmund T., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac badawczych prowadzonych w ramach Projektu Zamawianego MNiI (K091/P04/2004/11).

EN

Maximum duration of extreme summer flows in central Poland was estimated on the base of hydrometric data including twenty four hour flow series from the 1966-1983 period, which were published by IMGW. There were 29 water gauges located in Warta, Pilica and Bzura drainage basins (Fig. l) shortlisted for the analysis. Low flow periods were sectioned basing on a border flow SNQ - a principle was that the period with flows below the borderline had lasted at least 5 days, while low flows followed in succession had to be divided by periods of flows higher than SNQ being minimum 3 days long. Maximum summer flows were at that time very differentiated and their length fluctuated from 10 to 282 days (Fig. 2). According to that some kind of spatial order can be outlined here, the longest low flow periods appeared in Great Poland and Warsaw - Berlin Glacial Valley (Fig. 3). Maximum length of low flow was significantly correlated with the parameters, which illustrated flow recession time, mean time of low flow or extreme time constitution in total low flow and extreme low flow time (Fig. 4, 8). The parameters of maximum length probability distribution were estimated as well. On the base of those calculations was estimated the probability of not achieving the maximum, which was empirically confirmed. Values fluctuated from 90-99.2% usually being about 96% (Fig. 6). The greatest probability of lengthening of maximum low flow periods had Great Poland Rivers (Mogilnica, Wrześnica, Lutynia), while the smallest probability was characteristic for rivers, which origins are in uplands (Warta - Poraj, Pilica - Przedbórz).

4

Okresy suche i wilgotne w Łodzi w XX wieku

100%

Podstawczyńska A., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac badawczych prowadzonych w ramach Projektu Zamawianego MNiI (K091/P04/2004/11).

EN

The aim of this work is to present the results of total daily precipitation series, which had been registered in Łódź in 1904-2000. In the structure of daily precipitation conditions the days without falls (54.2%) and with falls of 0.1-4.9 mm (36.1%) were dominant. Total maximum daily precipitation changed perennially from 14.2 mm to 103.5 mm. The longest continuous peńods of dryness in Łódź lasted 45 days, whereas the longest periods of continuous falling lasted 31 days. It was observed that 40's and 50's were the years of the most frequent dry periods. Maximum length of continuous precipitation periods shortened from 30 days in 30's to 14 and 15 days in 80's and 90's. Looking for long lasting tendencies of the time changeability of precipitation characteristics by using non-parametric test by Mann-Kendall and non-parametric Sen's method, which is used for calculating regression coefficients in linear trends equations, shows lack of statistically significant tendencies. This happens in case of daily capacities and extreme total fall, as well as total annual number of days without and with falling being equal or bigger than 5 mm and ~ 10 mm. Positive trends, statistically significant on a level of 0.05 characterize dryness indices in February and April, while indices on a 0.01 level are characteristic for August.

5

Zmiany, zmienność i ekstremalne sumy parowania terenowego i ewapotranspiracji potencjalnej w Łodzi w drugiej połowie XX wieku

100%

Jokiel P., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac badawczych prowadzonych w ramach Projektu Zamawianego MNiI (K091/P04/2004/11).

EN

The work, which is presented below, is an attempt to keep up with changes and changeability of potential evapotranspiration (EVAP) and surface evaporation (PARTER) in perennial and seasonal aspect. Number of 50-years long series (between 1951-2000) of total monthly evaporation, obtained by Konstantinov method and potential evapotranspiration, calculated by Thornthwaite's formula were analyzed. The calculations based on the data from Łódź-Lublinek hydrological observing station. Mean total annual potential evapotranspiration and surface evaporation during particular time were equal to 632.9 mm and 452.5 mm, while variation coefficients were the following: 3.7% and 6.3%. Both characteristics had positive significant trends (Ol: = 0.05). In perennial scale the alternate sequences of relatively low and high total annual surface evaporation were observed. They appeared rhythmically every 8 years. However, such regularity had not been observed for potential evapotranspiration. Total monthly surface evaporation distribution is the most often approximated by Weibull's function. The calculated quantiJes of the probability of exceeding indicated that in July the evaporation of probability exceeding value of l% might be greater than 90 mm, while in November might slightly exceed 15 mm. Total evaporation of probability of exceeding equal to 99% in winter months were higher than 3 mm, while in summer exceeded 50 mm. The results of investigation seemed to prove that in the studied seasonal structure of surface evaporation and potential evapotranspiration the participation of evaporation and evapotranspiration in winter and spring months (in total annual evaporation) systematically increased, while the participation of summer and autumn months decreased. Despite the fact that the difTerent kinds of the observed changes in seasonal structure of evaporation and evapotranspiration in Łódź were ambiguous, they simultaneously indicate that water shortages would be bigger in the region, as a result of increase of so called balance water loss.

6

Fale ciepła i chłodu w środkowej Polsce na przykładzie Łodzi

100%

Wibig J., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac badawczych prowadzonych w ramach Projektu Zamawianego MNiI (K091/P04/2004/11).

EN

The aim of this work is to analyze the waves of warmth and coldness in central part of Poland basing on a daily maximum and minimum temperature in Łódź between 1931 and 2006. Warm and cold periods were distinguished following daily maximum temperature course (warm and cold days) and daily minimum temperature course (warm and cold nights). A particular day was involved in warm (cold) period, if its daily temperature was higher (lower) than average +1.28 (-l.28) of standard deviation within this calendar day. The value of l.28 was chosen because it counterparts percentile of 90% (10%) if we assume that temperature distribution is normal. The trends of seasonal and annual changeability of the number of cold and warm days and nights as well as maximum length of warm and cold waves were estimated by Sen's method. The most frequently observed were the short waves, such as one- or two days long (Fig. 3 and 9). The average of day numbers, within at least three day-long waves and an their average lasting time of the longest waves had distinct annual cycle with its maximum in summer and minimum in winter. However, the absolute maxima of the waves lengths fell on winter half-year. The longest waves were 18 and 17 days. For comparison, the lengths of the warm and cold nights periods were significantly shorter and were about II and 14 days. The longest cold waves were slightly longer than equivalent waves of warmth. The following years: 1962, 1989, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2002 and 2006 are the years of particularly long warm periods or years of a great number of warm days, and are grouped in last 20 years of analyzed series with the exception of 1962, which represents series center. On the other hand, the years, during which cold waves were exceptionally long or those, which were characterized by a great number of cold days and nights (1954, 1956, 1963, 1979, 1996) were gathered during first 30s of the analyzed period. In spite of this, only some of studied series have statistically significant trend. Lasting time of the longest wave of warmth increased significantly in winter (0.28 of the day per ID years), while the number of waves of warmth grew in summer (0.33 of the day per ID years) and during the whole year (1.79 of the day per ID years). If it is about warm nights, the lasting time of the longest wave increased significantly in winter (0.17 of the day per 10 years) and in autumn (0.20 of the day per 10 years), while the number of the days increased significantly in summer (0.36 of the day per 10 years) and within the whole year (1.61 of the day per 10 years). The length of the longest wave of cold days significantly decreased in winter (0.18 of the day per ID years) and the number of cold days in a year decreased in 0.87 of the day per 10 years. In case of cold nights the lasting time of the longest wave shortened in winter (0.17 of the day per 20 years) and during the whole year (0.2 of the day per 10 years), while the number of cold nights in the year decreased in 1.43 days per 10 years and 0.43 of the day per ID years in spring. The influence of the atmospheric circulation either in macroscale or mesoscale on frequency and intensity of extreme thermal events in Poland is visible only in winter, however it explains no more than 25% of their changeability. Better results are obtained by composite method, which allows to single out such synoptic situations, which favor maintaining strong positive and negative thermal anomalies. Thermal conditions of central Poland primarily depend on baric centers, which centers locate in country's proximity (Fig. 14-17). The correlations between number of days during periods of warm days and nights, and maximum length of waves and northern hemisphere's temperature are positive and statistically significant for all seasons except summer (fable 6). Nonetheless, no more than 25% of the changes might be the direct results of big-scale temperature changes, the rest is influenced by regional or even local factors. The correlations between number of days during periods of cold days and nights and maximum length of waves and northern hemisphere's temperature are negative and statistically insignificant.

7

Przepływy ekstremalne wybranych rzek środkowej Polski w latach 1951-2000

100%

Jokiel P., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2008

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vol. 8

PL

Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac badawczych prowadzonych w ramach Projektu Zamawianego MNiI (K091/P04/2004/11).

EN

The following study is an attempt to create a multiaspect statistical analysis of 50-years long sequences of monthly extreme llows of three rivers of central Poland: Warta in Sieradz, Bzura in Sochaczew and Pilica in Przedbórz (1951-2000). Those rivers play leading roles in water management of one of the poorest in surface water regions of country - central Poland. The knowledge of their regime and identification of its changes in time especially due to low and high flows is a basis for future planning and efficient water management in regional scale. Within this work functions of monthly extreme flow distributions were identified and distinct probability quantiles were calculated (fab. 1-2; Attachments I-VI). Looking at flow maxima it was noted that for snow-melt freshets months (lI, Ill, IV) the most characteristic were gamma and Weibull's distributions, while for the months of 'summer freshet (VI, VII, VIII) - gamma and log-gamma functions. In case of monthly minima was slightly different. The greatest number of sequences might have been described by Weibull's distribution, significantly smaller number by log-gamma, last two functions appeared very rarely. The biggest annual specific capacity of probability of exceeding l% characterize Pilica river. It was much bigger than analogous runoffs calculated for Warta and Bzura rivers. For Warta and Bzura annual low llows of probability of exceeding 99% were also 8 times smaller than their ecological discharges. In case of Pilica this difference was about 400% smaller. There were investigated the perennial and seasonal dynamics of extreme llows (attachments VII, IX), changeability of monthly llow amplitudes (Fig. 13, 14) as well the trends and their significance (Tab. 4). Long lasting maximum llow series for months of the same names from cold half-year were investigated in 3 rivers and characterized by negative trends (sometimes statistically significant) - Pilica (XI-IV); Bzura (II, III). The lowest flows period systematically moved from early summer (in 1951-1960) towards late summer or even early autumn (in 1991-2000). This trend was very pronounced and unambiguous. Perennial changeability of warm half-year minimum series was usually smaller than of parallel series in cold half-year. All monthly minima of Warta increased, Pilica's - decreased, while the observed tendencies for Bzura were variegated. Most of the obtained trend lines indicate on tendencies of decreasing in the series of monthly amplitudes, although statistically significant trends are characteristically arranged. Statistically significant trends occur during late winter and early spring (I-II), what is more they concern all studied rivers. The analysis indicate on a small decrease in changeability of flows in investigated rivers, which is characterized by slightly systematic increase of monthly minima and amplitude decrease. However, those phenomena are visible best during cold half-years and concern mainly month of freshets (II, III).

8

Ochrona zasobów i stosunków wodnych na obszarach podmiejskich

100%

Jokiel P., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2000

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vol. 5

EN

The following article contains some remarks of the coordinator of the scientific theme undertaken by the research group of the Łódź University Department of Hydrology and Water Management concerning the problems of monitoring, economy and protection of water and its resources in suburban areas of big cities. It shows the main aim of the undertaken research and the means of its performance including the location and character of the explored drainage basin in the suburbs of Łódź. More details as well as introductory results of the research will be given in the next articles of this volume.

PL

Przedstawiony artykuł zawiera kilka uwag do tematu badawczego, podjętego przez Zespół Zakładu Hydrologii i Gospodarki Wodnej Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, a dotyczącego problemów monitoringu, gospodarowania oraz ochrony stosunków i zasobów wodnych w strefach podmiejskich wielkich miast. Zaprezentowano w nim cel podjętych badań oraz środki ich realizacji, w tym kilka zdań na temat lokalizacji i charakteru zlewni badawczej założonej (w ramach tego tematu) na terenach podmiejskich Łodzi. Więcej szczegółów, jak też wstępne wyniki prowadzonych badań znajdzie czytelnik w kolejnych opracowaniach zamieszczonych w dalszej części tomu.

9

Integracja informacji pochodzących z dawnych map w systemach geoinformacyjnych

100%

Majchrowska A., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2004

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vol. 6

EN

Historical maps are precious materials, which show spatial distribution of land use, vegetation, river patterns, and so on at the time the maps were produced. They are used for the reconstruction of past environments or for comparisons in time analyses. However the imprecision of the historical maps, in the geometrical sense, makes the task of the comparison very difficult. This drawback brings us to the idea of incorporating the historical maps into GIS, after geometrical transformation of the maps. It makes possible comparing and overlaying multiple maps from different time periods. Furthermore it gives map-scales to historical maps and enables broader range of quantitative considerations. This greatly increases the value of archival maps as information source. The paper outlines the procedure of incorporating old maps into GIS and some results of the transformation of early maps.

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowane zostały wybrane teoretyczne i praktyczne problemy związane z wykorzystaniem informacji pochodzącej z dawnych map w systemach GIS. Przedstawiono procedurę integracji map historycznych w systemach GIS oraz przykład jej zastosowania w badaniach zmian użytkowania ziemi.

10

Środowisko geograficzne Łodzi jako tło osadnictwa pradziejowego

100%

Papińska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2004

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vol. 6

EN

Geokomplexes - units of a landscape structure were used as areas of reference for analysis of spatial arrangement of prehistoric archeological sites in Łódź and in its neighborhood. Geocomplex types were grouped into four classes: A - lithogenic geocomplexes associated with permeable deposits, B - lithogenic geocomplexes associated with low-permeable deposits, C - semihydrogenic geocomplexes developing under seasonal anaerobic conditions; D - hydrogenic geocomplexes developing under long lasting or permanent anaerobic conditions. The delimitation of the geocomplexes was based on a relative homogeneity of lithology and on the relief regarded as stabile physical features. The geocomplex classes were distinguished by water conditions. The location of 281 archeological sites from te Stone age to the late Iron Age clearly shows a concentration of archeological findings in a south-western part of Łódź. The largest number of the sites was found in valleys of the rivers Ner, Dobrzynka, Jasień, Olechówka and in the vicinity of the valleys. Archeological findigs were also encountered in the river valleys of the Bzura, Sok ołówka, and other streams of north-western part of the city. Similar location of archeological objects had been earlier recognised in the valleys of the Warta (Kamińska 1970, Bezkowska 1992), Bzura (Papińska 2001a, b, Rosin 1995, 2001), Moszczenica (K a m i ń s k i 1993) and Grabia (P e li s i a k 1991). It can be assumed that in all studied periods an access to water (to a river) was crucial for attracting settlers. The role of surficial water and of shallow groundwater for the settlement in the Łęczyca region was described by T. Krzemiński and Z. Maksymiuk (1966), and T. Krzemiński (1987). The analyses of the location of the prehistoric archaeological sites within geocomplex classes show that 59% of the sites under consideration were found in lithogenic geocomplexes associated with permeable deposits (A); 13,5% - in lithogenic geocomplexes associated with low-permeable deposits (B). Only 1,4% of the sites occurred in semihydrogenic geocomplexes (C), and 21,5% - in hydrogenic geocomplexes. The remaining 3,6% was located on the boundary of two geocomplex classes. Multicultural archaeological sites predominate, which indicates continuous settlement in the area. It can be assumed that natural features in a particular place were attractive for settlers from many cultures and times.

PL

Opracowanie prezentuje charakterystykę środowiska geograficznego Łodzi i okolic waspekcie tła dla rozwoju ekumeny w pradziejach. Położenie stanowisk archeologicznych od epoki kamienia do późnej epoki żelaza zaprezentowano na tle geokompleksów częściowych, zgrupowanych w cztery klasy. Kryteriami delimitacji geokompleksów były utwory powierzchniowe i rzeźba terenu, które są powszechnie uwaźane za komponenty stabilne. Podstawą wyróźniania klas geokompleksów były warunki wodne w nich panujące. zaprezentowano prawidłowości w rozmieszczeniu stanowisk archeologicznych w poszczególnych typach geokompleksów, a takźe w nawiązaniu do typu gospodarki charakterystycznej dla danej kultury archeologicznej.

11

Zróżnicowanie krajobrazowe terenów nadpilicznych w okolicach Wielkopola

100%

Krysiak S., Tołoczko W., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2004

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vol. 6

EN

The paper presents the results of the studies of diversity of natural environment of the Pilica river basin near Wielkopole. The studied transect covers 5 km2 and stretches from a local watershed in a zone of outcrops of Mesozoic bedrock to a floodplain of the Pilica river. Within this area, morpholithohydrotopes were distinguished and in several locations grain size and agrochemical features of soils were determined. The description of the landscape structure was supplemented by a landscape cross section depicting geocomplex types, land use, geology, groundwater level and some soil profiles. In the description of morpholithohydrotopes the relation between habitat potential and a land use pattern within the distinguished land units was stressed. The soil profiles were presented, including grain size and chemical features of soils.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dokumentujących zrozll1cowanie środowiska przyrodniczego terenów nadpilicznych w okolicach Wielkopola. Dla transektu badawczego o powierzchni 5 km2, poprowadzonego od lokalnego działu wodnego w strefie wychodni podłoża mezozoicznego do dna doliny Pilicy, przeprowadzono delimitację geokompleksów częściowych - morfolitohydrotopów. Wykonano również szereg odkrywek w celu udokumentowania właściwości granulometrycznych i agrochemicznych gleb. Charakterystykę struktury przestrzennej wyodrębnionych jednostek uzupełniono przekrojem krajobrazowym, wzdłuż którego przedstawiono typy geokompleksów, użytkowanie ziemi, styl budowy geologicznej, położenie zwierciadła wód podziemnych oraz wybrane profile glebowe. Przedstawiono charakterystykę profIli glebowych oraz zamieszczono tabele przedstawiające cechy granulometryczne i chemiczne badanych gleb.

12

Środowiskowe skutki melioracji i regulacji rzek w dolinie Bzury w okolicach Łowicza

100%

Kobojek E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2004

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vol. 6

EN

The article shows the influence of land reclamation and regulation of rivers on the transformation of the environment in the Bzura pradolina near Lowicz. At the beginning of the 19th century the Bzura river was of an anastomosing type. The interchannel area was occupied by wetlands and peatbogs mainly of a fluviogenic origin due to high level of alluvial water. In the Bzura valley habitats of swamps and wet deciduous forest alternated. Five watermilIs were located in the channels. The land reclamation and regulation of rivers started at the beginning of the 19th century. First of all, watermills were removed. A new channel to concentrate runoff of the Bzura river was dug. Afterwards the same works were carried out in the minor streams and drainage ditches were constructed. These activities had the various influence on the environment. The direct result is a change in river pattern of the area. A multi-channel system of the Bzura river has been changed into a single-channel one; the channel became straightened, shortened and dredged. The increase of the river gradient caused a drop in the water level and the emergence of downcutting tendency. Transport and sedimentary processes changed as well. Principally, regulation of rivers and land reclamation have resulted in an accelerated removal of precipitation waters from the catchment and, in consequence, a temporary or permanent decline in the groundwater level and the desiccation of the valleys. The secondary effect of land drainage comprises changes of vegetation communities, land use and the pradolina landscape. Meadows have been converted to arable area of low productivity, peatbogs have degraded. The performed works have turned out to be unfavourable for moisture conditions in the valley and for agriculture.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wpływy melioracji i regulacji rzek na przekształcenie środowiska w dolinie Bzury w okolicach Łowicza. Na początku XIX w. dno doliny było zabagnione, a Bzura miała charakter rzeki anastomozującej i płynęła 3-4 korytami. Prace regulacyjne przeprowadzono w XIX w., a melioracyjne w XX w. Bezpośrednim następstwem tych prac jest całkowicie zmieniona sieć wodna obszaru. Wie1okorytowy układ Bzury przekształcono w jednokorytowy, przy tym koryto wyprostowano, skrócono i pogłębiono, co spowodowało ożywienie procesów erozyjnych. Obniżeniu uległ także poziom wód gruntowych, który spowodował osuszenie dna doliny. Następstwem osuszenia są zmiany zespołów florystycznych, sposobu zagospodarowania terenu i całkowicie zmieniony krajobraz pradoliny.

13

Źródła zlewni Bystrzycy Dusznickiej

100%

Bartnik A., Walisch M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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1997

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vol. 2

EN

This article is an attempt of a presentation concerning the springs of the upper part of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka drainage basin against a background of the tectonic structure and geology. All the measurements and mapping of the surface hydrolographical objects were carried out in July 1993. The most important tectonic element of the researched area, which determines the spatial layout and the features of the springs, seems to be the Zieleniec overthrust consisting of the folded Proterozoik mica slates. The lower edge of its overthrust is at a height of 800 m. The rest of the drainage basin is formed of upper Cretaceous sediments dipping in the inner-Sudeten syncline. Later alpine deformations modified the geological structure of this area. The faults formed in such a way as to form 2 systems of crackings: the parallelone and slanted one running NW to SE. The Bystrzyca Dusznicka valley which runs alongside the axis of the drainage basin shows the water-gap character. In the researched area the authors observed either subsurface water in the mantle rocks, or fissure water circulating in the deeper metamorphic rocks. The upper Cretaceous porous sandstones form the most capacious underground water basin. Each water-bearing underground water horizon is separated with marly rocks. From among springs of the researched area three basic types of them were distinguished: fissure, fissure-mantle and mantle springs. Five big fissure springs ranged between 18 and 36 dm3• S-l form the source of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka river. In the drainage basin area over 100 outflows were recorded of which more than 20 were classified as spring sappings. The springs with the biggest average yield equal 2,5 dm3• S-I found in the escarpment zone of the mentioned above overthrust; whereas alongside the eastern undercut there are many small springs and spring sappings of the valley and channel character. Value of the correlation coefficient between spring water temperature and its altitude is equal to r =-0,62. It testifies to the evident inversely proportional relationship between these factors. In the upper parts of the basin fissure springs dominate whereas in the lower parts - hotter mantle ones do. At the height-interval of 700-900 m there are either mantle springs or fissure ones. The conclusions which flow from this article prove the thesis that in the mountainous areas the following factors determine the regime and localization of springs: tectonics, geology and relief of the researched area.

PL

Opracowanie niniejsze jest próbą prezentacji źródeł zlewni górnej Bystrzycy Dusznickiej na tle budowy geologicznej i tektoniki obszaru. W opracowaniu zwrócono szczególną uwagę na termikę wód źródlanych i związek występowania obszarów źródliskowych z budową geologiczną zlewni.

14

Wprowadzenie (tekst wprowadzający do tomu nr 02/1997 Folia Geographica Physica)

100%

Maksymiuk Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

|

1997

|

vol. 2

100%

Papińska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

|

2004

|

vol. 6

PL

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