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Investigation of Localised Pressure Applied to Specific Sites on the Lateral Aspect of the Foot’s Dorsum by the Upper Parts of Footwear During Sports Specific Movements

100%
Greenhalgh A., Sinclair J., Chockalingam N.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 4
350-354
EN
Purpose. Localised peak pressure linked to overuse injuries has been documented extensively at the plantar surface during human locomotion. There is however a paucity of research investigating pressure applied to non-plantar regions of the foot during movement. This study investigates the magnitudes of peak pressures applied to the lateral side of the 5th metatarsal head (5MTH) and calcaneus (CC) by the uppers of footwear during sports movements. Method. A plantar pressure measuring system was adapted to fit into a sock covering the lateral aspect of the L5MTH and LCC. Six male participants (26.7 ± 2.4 years, 75.2 ± 5.5 kg) performed ten trials each of starting, stopping, sprinting, cutting and sidestepping at self-selected velocities, whilst wearing the pressure measuring device. Repeated measures ANOVA’s were used to examine differences between peak pressures at different aspects of the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot. Results. The results indicate significant differences (p 0.05) between peak pressures at the LCC compared to the L5MTH. Significant differences in peak pressure at the L5MTH were also found between movement strategies. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were reported at the LCC between different movements. Conclusions. The results identify a need for athletes pre-disposed to injuries in the uppers of the feet to consider the possible influence of footwear on the magnitudes of peak pressures applied to the lateral side of the dorsum of their feet.
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Plantar pressure distribution in ice skates while gliding and standing compared to barefoot and trainer conditions

88%
Greenhalgh A., Chatterly F., Blewitt C., Sinclair J., Chockalingam N.
|
EN
Background: The aim of this study was to identify whether there are differences between plantar pressure distributions experienced whilst wearing ice skates during ice-gliding, compared to standing whilst barefoot, wearing trainers and wearing ice skates. The results of this study aim to provide a greater understanding of the distribution of the pressure through the ice skate to the human musculoskeletal system. Material/Methods: Nine female participants were recruited for this study (age 36.6 years ± 15.3, mass 63.7kg ± 7.4 height 1.63m ± 4.1). Pressure applied to the plantar surface of the feet was recorded at 50Hz using an F-Scan sensor. Data was collected for 5 seconds while participants performed an ice glide in their own ice skates. Standing data was collected over the same period of time while participants stood still on a carpeted surface wearing their own ice skates, their own trainers and cotton socks without shoes. For each condition 10 trials of data were collected. Results: The results reported similar peak pressure distributions under the plantar region of the foot for standing and ice gliding while wearing ice skates. Furthermore, the results identified a shift of peak pressure values to the forefoot and midfoot regions whilst wearing ice skates compared to trainers. Conclusions: This research suggests information on plantar pressures during ice gliding may be obtained from standing data in future research and that ice skates may expose the wearer to an increased risk of plantar pressure related injuries in the forefoot/midfoot regions of the feet.
3
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The Test-Retest Reliability of Anatomical Co-Ordinate Axes Definition for the Quantification of Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running

76%
Sinclair J., Taylor P. J., Greenhalgh A., Edmundson C. J., Brooks D., Hobbs S. J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 35
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issue 1
15-25
EN
Three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic analyses are used widely in both sport and clinical examinations. However, this procedure depends on reliable palpation of anatomical landmarks and mal-positioning of markers between sessions may result in improperly defined segment co-ordinate system axes which will produce in-consistent joint rotations. This had led some to question the efficacy of this technique. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the reliability of the anatomical frame definition when quantifying 3-D kinematics of the lower extremities during running. Ten participants completed five successful running trials at 4.0 m·s-1 ± 5%. 3-D angular joint kinematics parameters from the hip, knee and ankle were collected using an eight camera motion analysis system. Two static calibration trials were captured. The first (test) was conducted prior to the running trials following which anatomical landmarks were removed. The second was obtained following completion of the running trials where anatomical landmarks were re-positioned (retest). Paired samples t-tests were used to compare 3-D kinematic parameters quantified using the two static trials, and intraclass correlations were employed to examine the similarities between the sagittal, coronal and transverse plane waveforms. The results indicate that no significant (p>0.05) differences were found between test and retest 3-D kinematic parameters and strong (R2≥0.87) correlations were observed between test and retest waveforms. Based on the results obtained from this investigation, it appears that the anatomical co-ordinate axes of the lower extremities can be defined reliably thus confirming the efficacy of studies using this technique.
4
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Differences in Tibiocalcaneal Kinematics Measured with Skin- and Shoe-Mounted Markers

76%
Sinclair J., Greenhalgh A., Taylor P. J., Edmundson C. J., Brooks D., Hobbs S. J.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 1
64-69
EN
Purpose. The aim of the current investigation was to compare the 3-D tibiocalcaneal kinematics between skin- and shoe-mounted markers. Methods. Eleven male participants ran at 4.0m/s ± 5% along a 22 m runway. Tibiocalcaneal kinematics were captured simultaneously using markers placed externally on the shoe and on the skin through windows cut in the shoe. Paired t-tests were used to compare the 3-D kinematic parameters, and intraclass correlations were employed to contrast the kinematic waveforms. Results. Strong correlations were observed between the waveforms at R2 0.85. However, foot movements such as eversion range of motion, peak eversion, peak transverse plane range of motion, velocity of external rotation and peak eversion velocity were all significantly underestimated using shoe-mounted markers. Conclusions. The results indicate that shoe-mounted markers do not fully represent true foot movement.
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