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Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment. Fate and behaviour, ecotoxicology and risk assessment – A review

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Gworek B., Kijeńska M., Zaborowska M., Wrzosek J., Tokarz L., Chmielewski J.
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
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2019
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vol. 76
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issue 3
397-407
EN
Pharmaceuticals are long-lasting, biologically active substances that, when discharged into the natural environment, affect ecosystem stability. The presence of increasing amounts of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in the environment has been a subject of growing interest. Many of the commonly used pharmaceuticals, especially analgesics and antibiotics, are used in quantities similar to those of agricultural chemicals, but are not required to undergo the same level of environmental risk assessment. The fate and behavior of medicines in the environment require further research. Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are distributed in the environment in various ways. The incidence of medicines and their transformation products has been so far recorded in surface and ground waters, drinking water, bottom sediments, soils, wastewater and sewage sludge, as well as in animal organisms. The article presents issues related to the fate and behavior of pharmaceuticals both in the environment and in the processes of wastewater treatment, ecotoxicology and risk assessment.
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Mechanizmy infekcji patogenami przenoszonymi przez kleszcze na przykładzie bakterii: Anaplasma phagocytophilum i Borrelia burgdorferi

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Wróblewska P., Adamczuk P., Galińska E. M., Chmielewska-Badora J., Zwoliński J., Chmielewski J.
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
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2016
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vol. 19
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issue 2
63-68
EN
Tick-borne diseases are transmission diseases belonging to the group of zoonoses but carried by ticks. These diseases are a major public health problem but also a problem for groups occupationally exposed to tick bites. Ixodes ricinus is a species of ticks which is the most common reservoir and the vector of a large number of microorganisms pathogenic to humans. It transfers, among others, bacteria of the species: Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi. The article discusses the mechanisms of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum for both ticks as well as for animals and humans. The two microorganisms discussed have developed many characteristics and mechanisms of adaptation to the environment, as well as defense mechanisms against the body's immune response. Understanding the biology of ticks and the function of proteins produced by ticks and pathogenic microorganisms is the key in the development of effective treatments and prevention of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis.
PL
Choroby odkleszczowe są chorobami transmisyjnymi, należącymi do grupy chorób odzwierzęcych, ale przenoszonych za pośrednictwem kleszczy. Choroby te stanowią ważny problem zarówno zdrowia publicznego, ale także problem dla grup zawodowo narażonych na ukłucia kleszczy. Ixodes ricinus jest gatunkiem kleszcza, który jest najczęstszym rezerwuarem i wektorem licznych mikroorganizmów wywołujących choroby ludzi. Przenosi on między innymi bakterie z gatunków: Anaplasma phagocytophilum i Borrelia burgdorferi. W artykule zostały omówione mechanizmy infekcji Borrelia burgdorferi i Anaplasma phagocytophilum zarówno kleszcza, ale także zwierząt i ludzi. Obydwa omawiane mikroorganizmy wykształciły wiele cech i mechanizmów przystosowawczych do środowiska, a także mechanizmów obronnych przed odpowiedzią immunologiczną organizmu. Poznanie biologii kleszczy, funkcji białek wytwarzanych przez kleszcze i patogenne mikroorganizmy stanowi klucz w opracowaniu skutecznych metod leczenia i profilaktyki boreliozy i anaplazmozy.
3
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Barszcz Sosnowskiego – roślina zagrażająca zdrowiu człowieka

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Chmielewski J., Czarny-Działak M., Dziechciaż M., Uściński P., Bąk-Badowska J., Florek-Łuszczki M., Szpringer M.
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 3
55-59
EN
Sosnowsky’s hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi) is considered to be an intrusive plant species in Poland which endangers human health and life. The paper aims at showing the complexity of influence of Sosnowsky’s hogweed on the human organism and its consequences for human health. The paper describes general physical and biochemical characteristics of this species. The authors analyze the influence of the species on human health and present general rules how to deal with possible negative health consequences. The paper draws attention to the necessity of undertaking educational activities related to the health risk in direct and indirect contact with the plant.
PL
Barszcz Sosnowskiego uważany jest za inwazyjny gatunek roślinny w Polsce, który stanowi zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia ludzkiego. Celem pracy jest wykazanie złożoności oddziaływania i skutków zdrowotnych barszczu Sosnowskiego na organizm człowieka. Przedstawiono cechy fizyczne i biochemiczne tego gatunku. Omówiono jego wpływ na zdrowie ludzi oraz przedstawiono ogólne zasady postępowania w przypadku wystąpienia negatywnych skutów zdrowotnych. Zwrócono uwagę na konieczność podjęcia działań edukacyjnych związanych z ryzykiem zdrowotnym w bezpośrednim lub pośrednim kontakcie z tą rośliną.
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Wpływ dymu tytoniowego na płodność mężczyzn

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Ochwanowska E., Stanisławska I., Łyp M., Chmielewski J., Czarny-Działak M., Florek-Łuszczki M.
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issue 2
46-51
EN
Along with the growing public awareness of health problems caused by smoking tobacco, smoking is becoming less popular in many parts of the world. The decline in the number of people smoking cigarettes is also observed in Poland. Men are still the majority of addicted people. Both active and passive smoking can lead to cardiovascular diseases, strokes, and lung and laryngeal cancers. Recent studies show that the compounds contained in cigarette smoke can induce dysfunction of endocrine system and disrupt the process of spermatogenesis in smokers.
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