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EN
In the present work, we have reviewed data showing that triiodothyronine and its nuclear receptors modify expression of different genes/proteins involved in cell cycle control beginning from growth factors (such as EGF and TGF-β), to cell surface receptors (EGFR), as well as proteins acting at the cell membrane (Ras), various transcription factors (c-Fos, c-Myc, E2F1), cyclins, Cip/Kip family of cdk2 inhibitors, and p53 inhibitor Mdm2 (Table 1). We have shown how TRs are also able to modify the fate of a cell, thanks to their ability to form complexes with other transcription factors such as p53 - a key regulator of apoptosis and proliferation. Available data show that the function of thyroid hormones and of their receptors on cell proliferation is not homogenous. In fact, it strongly depends on the cell type, its developmental state (progenitor or differentiated), its patho-physiological state (normal or tumor cell), and the so-called 'cellular context'. Therefore, it is not possible to uniformly recommend T3 treatment or T3 depletion to stop or initiate proliferation of all cell types. Instead, a very individual and careful action should be considered.
EN
The expression of cyclin E gene (CCNE) in relation to the expression of its major regulatory protein, E2F1, was examined in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). We show that the overexpression of E2F1 is accompanied by the significant increase of the mean amounts of cyclin E mRNA, as well as of total cyclin E protein and its low molecular weight forms in cancer tissues as compared to peritumoral controls. A significant increase of the mean amount of total cyclin E was found in peritumoral tissues compared to cancer-free kidneys, suggesting that cancer cells might secrete factors having a profound influence on the metabolism of neighbouring tissues. A significant, positive correlations between E2F1 protein and total cyclin E mRNA, as well as between E2F1 protein and full length cyclin E protein were found in cancer-free kidneys and in peritumoral tissues, but not in ccRCCs. The overexpression of cyclin E positively correlated with the decreasing degree of tumor differentiation, implicating a role for cyclin E in the promotion of tumorigenesis.
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