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1
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Differences in Peripheral Perception between Athletes and Nonathletes

100%
Zwierko T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2008
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vol. 19
53-62
EN
In team games, due to the great number of stimuli, perceptive skills have a cardinal significance, especially in players' anticipation and decisionmaking processes. The aim of this study was to compare peripheral perception of handball players (n=16) and nonathletes (n=16) of the same age. A comparative analysis involves abilities connected with general visual functions - such as the field of vision (hardware system) and reaction time to visual stimuli (software system). Peripheral perception was examined using the peripheral perception test included in the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria). The results show that the examined groups did not differ in regards to visual functions connected with the peripheral field of vision and the correctness of stimuli recognition. Handball players had a significantly shorter response time to stimuli appearing in the peripheral field of vision compared to nonathletes.
2
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VISUOMOTOR PROCESSING AFTER PROGRESSIVELY INCREASED PHYSICAL EXERCISE

64%
Zwierko T., Lesiakowski P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
27-34
EN
We assessed the effect of physical effort with increasing intensity on the visuomotor processing in physically active young men (n=22). Subjects performed three 10-minute effort-tests with increasing intensity on a cycloergometer. Each participant was assigned individual workload values below the lactate threshold (40% VO2max), at the lactate threshold (60% VO2max) and above the lactate threshold (80% VO2max). Special Ability Signal Test included in the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria) was used to examine visuomotor processing. The numbers of correct reactions and the median reaction time as a measure of the speed of the detection process were analyzed. Four Signal test recordings were taken: pre-exercise and immediately after the three subsequent effort tests. The numbers of correct reactions increased after the first effort (40% VO2max) in comparison to the pre-exercise state and then significantly decreased after the third effort test (80% VO2max). In contrast, no significant changes in time of signal detection were observed. Physical effort with high intensity might disturb the visuomotor processing in accordance to the accuracy of the visuospatial differentiation of the relevant signal within irrelevant signals.
3
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The Effect of Core Stability and Functional Exercises on Selected Speed and Strength Parameters in Expert Female Footballers

64%
Niewolna N., Zwierko T.
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EN
Designed to strengthen the deep (stabilizer) muscles which stabilize joints and ligaments, core stability exercises are important for the development of motor skills in athletes. In this research, we aimed to determine how a two-year program of core stability and functional exercises influenced the strength and speed of female football players. The tested athletes (n = 17) were members of Olimpia Szczecin MKS, a first division football club from Poland. Their mean age was 19.8 ±1.4 years, while the mean duration of sport experience was 6 years. We analyzed their running speed, as well as the maximal strength of eight major muscle groups: rectus abdominals, abdominal oblique, shoulder girdle, chest, upper limbs, quadriceps, biceps and gastronomies. The effects of training on motor speed and strength were measured twice, prior to each of the two seasons. The functional training resulted in significant changes in the strength of various muscle groups: quadriceps (Δ17.1 kg; p < 0.05), abdominal oblique muscle (Δ9.1 kg; p < 0.05), shoulder girdle (Δ3.6 kg; p < 0.05) and chest (Δ3.5 kg; p < 0.05). There was also a significant reduction in the time of the 30 meter sprint (p < 0.05) (Δ0.1 s; p < 0.05). In summary, functional training had a positive effect on the strength and running speed of the tested female footballers.
4
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The ability to maintain attention during visuomotor task performance in handball players and non-athletes

51%
Zwierko T., Florkiewicz B., Fogtman S., Kszak-Krzyżanowska A.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 3
99-106
EN
One of the important aspects of attentional processes in sport performance is sustained attention during task execution. The objective of this study was to analyze the ability to maintain attention during a serial reaction time task performance in expert handball players (n = 12) and non-athletes (n = 12). Participants p erform a FitLight TrainerTM (Fitlight Sports Corp., Canada) test protocol configured by the PDA controller which consisted of 10 series of simple motor reaction task to visual stimuli appearing on 8 wireless light discs. Each of the 10 series included 22 reactions. Ability to maintain attention was determined by analyzing the variability in results during testing, e.g. the total time of test execution and the average reaction time to visual stimulus in each subsequent series. The main finding in our study was that Non-athletes in comparison to Athletes had: (1) longer total time of test execution; (2) longer reaction time; (3) and higher variability in results during task performance. The results indicate a higher level of ability to maintain attention in handball players.
5
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The Differentiation of Visual Sensorimotor Processes in the Representatives of Various Sport Disciplines

51%
Lesiakowski P., Krzepota J., Zwierko T.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2017
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vol. 19
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issue 3
43-53
EN
Sport activities usually require a high efficiency of visual information processing. Therefore, it seems justified to determine the efficiency of visual sensorimotor processes in sports requiring a variety of perception competencies. The aim of this study was to assess the differentiation of sensorimotor processes in terms of simple and choice reaction time, and visual stimulus discrimination in various athletes and untrained persons. The study involved 119 men, of which 95 were athletes: football players (n = 24), volleyball players (n = 22), boxers (n = 26), and rowers (n = 23). The efficiency of sensorimotor processes was evaluated with the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria). The evaluations included simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT), and visual stimulus discrimination. Analysis of the results showed that volleyball and football players had shorter (p < 0.01) reaction times compared to non-athletes and representatives of the other sports. We found significant differences (p < 0.01) between athletes and non-athletes in visual stimulus discrimination. In addition, boxers showed fewer correct reactions than volleyball players, and shorter times of stimulus detection than in volleyball and soccer players.
6
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Seasonal variation of speed, agility and power performance in elite female soccer players: effect of functional fitness

51%
Stepinski M., Ceylan H. I., Zwierko T.
Physical Activity Review
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2020
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vol. 1
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issue 8
16-25
EN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of speed, agility and power performance during one soccer season and the impact of functional fitness on changes in motor performance in elite female soccer players. This study was conducted with 18 members of the Polish Women's National Football Team. The analyzed training season was divided into four training phases. Physical performance was assessed by a test of quickness - the 5m sprint, tests of maximal speed - the 30 m sprint, test of agility L-run test and tests of lower limb explosive power - counter movement jump (CMJ) and counter movement jump with arm swing. Functional fitness was assessed using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Individual functional training as well as a training plan based on FIFA 11+ prevention were utilized. The analysis showed significant improvement in the CMJ test (F=3.02, p<0.05) and FMS score (F=5.959, p<0.01) during the in-season. Other parameters of physical performance were stable during the evaluation period. Positive correlations between baseline FMS score and changes of athletes' 30m sprint performance (r=-0.48, p<0.05), total in-season change of FMS score and total inseason change of 5m sprint performance (r=-0.53, p<0.05) were observed. Female soccer players during the in-season demonstrated a relatively good level of physical performance which corresponds to their particular training phase. Functional fitness intervention appears to be an effective way of improving speed, acceleration, and power performance in elite female soccer players.
7
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Speed of Visual Sensorimotor Processes and Conductivity of Visual Pathway in Volleyball Players

45%
Zwierko T., Osinski W., Lubinski W., Czepita D., Florkiewicz B.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2010
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vol. 23
21-27
EN
Volleyball is a dynamic game which requires a high level of visual skills. The first aim of this study was to investigate the several aspects of reaction times (RT) to visual stimuli in volleyball players (12) compared to non-athletic subjects (12). By using the tests included in the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried, Austria), simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT) and peripheral reaction time (PRT) were examined. The second aim of this study was to assess the neurophysiological basis of early visual sensory processing in both examined groups. We measured two sets of pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) during monocular central field stimulation (Reti Scan, Roland Consult, Germany). The latencies of waves N75, P100 and N135 were determined. We observed significantly shorter (p<0.05) total reaction time to stimuli appearing in the central and peripheral field of vision in the volleyball players compared to non-athletes. With regard to SRT and CRT the main differences between the groups appeared in pre-motor reaction times. Volleyball players had shorter VEPs P100 wave latencies (p<0.05) than the non-athlete group. The results indicate faster signal transmission in visual pathways in athletes than in non-athletes. This fact can be attributed to the effect of rapid visual-activity-demanding sports on the central nervous system.
8
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The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance

39%
Krzepota J., Zwierko T., Puchalska-Niedbał L., Markiewicz M., Florkiewicz B., Lubiński W.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
231-240
EN
In this study, we conducted an experiment in which we analyzed the possibilities to develop visual skills by specifically targeted training of visual search. The aim of our study was to investigate whether, for how long and to what extent a training program for visual functions could improve visual search. The study involved 24 healthy students from the Szczecin University who were divided into two groups: experimental (12) and control (12). In addition to regular sports and recreational activities of the curriculum, the subjects of the experimental group also participated in 8-week long training with visual functions, 3 times a week for 45 min. The Signal Test of the Vienna Test System was performed four times: before entering the study, after first 4 weeks of the experiment, immediately after its completion and 4 weeks after the study terminated. The results of this experiment proved that an 8-week long perceptual training program significantly differentiated the plot of visual detecting time. For the visual detecting time changes, the first factor, Group, was significant as a main effect (F(1,22)=6.49, p<0.05) as well as the second factor, Training (F(3,66)=5.06, p<0.01). The interaction between the two factors (Group vs. Training) of perceptual training was F(3,66)=6.82 (p<0.001). Similarly, for the number of correct reactions, there was a main effect of a Group factor (F(1,22)=23.40, p<0.001), a main effect of a Training factor (F(3,66)=11.60, p<0.001) and a significant interaction between factors (Group vs. Training) (F(3,66)=10.33, p<0.001). Our study suggests that 8-week training of visual functions can improve visual search performance.
9
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The Effects of Sports Vision Training on Binocular Vision Function in Female University Athletes

39%
Zwierko T., Puchalska-Niedbał L., Krzepota J., Markiewicz M., Woźniak J., Lubiński W.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 49
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issue 1
287-296
EN
Binocular vision is the most important visual cue for spatial orientation in many sports. In this study, we investigated how binocular vision was influenced by an eye training program that may be used to improve individual’s oculomotor function. The experiment involved twenty-four female student athletes from team ball sports (soccer, basketball, handball). After an initial testing session, 12 participants were randomly allocated to the experimental group. Optometric investigation which included synoptophore testing and a test of dissociated horizontal phoria based on the Maddox method was performed three times: before the experiment, after eight weeks of eye training (3 times a week for 20 minutes), and four weeks after the experiment was terminated. Eye exercise methodology was based on orthoptic, sport and psychological aspects of performance. The phoria screening examination showed that exophoria was the most frequent disorder of binocular vision. Low fusional vergence range was also observed. Following the training period, 3 of the 6 oculomotor variables improved. The greatest effect was observed in near dissociated phoria (χ²=14.56, p=0.001 for the right eye; χ²=14.757, p=0.001 for the left eye) and fusional convergence (χ²=8.522, p=0.014). The results of the retention test conducted four weeks after the experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the vision training program. The results of the study suggest that binocular functions are trainable and can be improved by means of appropriate visual training
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