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1
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The Structure of Ontogenetic Dispositions in Young Volleyball Players - European Cadet Volleyball Champions

100%
Superlak E.
Human Movement
|
2008
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2
128-133
EN
Purpose. Proper multi-level selection of talented youth is one of the fundamental aspects of qualified sport. The common autotelic approach to selection in sport, based on the measurement of individual traits and abilities and excluding any pragmatic aspects of different sports seems highly insufficient today. Each specific sport features its own factors affecting athletes' development and constituting important selection criteria. Thus, a heterotelic approach accounting for the specificity of different sports allows ontogenetic profiling of young talented athletes in view of their dispositions to act under varying circumstances. Basic procedures. The presented theoretical model of holistic perception of playing dispositions was verified by way of interdispositional identification of candidates for the Polish national team, who after a two-year training won the European championship in cadet volleyball. Main findings. The data obtained showed that each player featured a specific structure of traits and abilities understood as volleyball playing dispositions. It is assumed that individual dispositions can be - under different circumstances and to a different extent - combined into more complex structures called interdispositions. Conclusions. The exemplification of the theoretical model showed that playing dispositions could and should be studied in an interdisciplinary manner. The holistic approach to the player's individual traits makes his or her profiling more comprehensive, which affects the development of skills and performance assessment methods.
2
Content available remote

The Relationships Between the Effectiveness of Team Play and the Sporting Level of A Team

63%
Panfil R., Superlak E.
Human Movement
|
2012
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vol. 13
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issue 2
152-160
EN
Purpose. This study aimed at determining what relationships exist between the determinants of team play efficiency (cooperation) for creating scoring situations in volleyball and the sporting level of a team. These relationships take into consideration the number of players who cooperate within a team and the speed at which sets are performed. Methods. The study gathered observational data on how three leading male volleyball teams, namely Brazil, Russia and Serbia, played in the semi-finals of the 2010 World League, finishing first, second and fourth, respectively. The research tool was a self-made data registration sheet which included the description of the chosen variables, namely the type of plays used and how sets were formed, and the criteria for their quantification. The collected results were presented as tables and indexes. An interdisciplinary interpretation of the results was conducted, which included a qualitative identification of the dependencies that existed between the chosen variables. Results. The efficiency of team cooperation when solving situational problems in the offense was not significantly different in the analysed teams. The prevailing activities during the game were those performed in the 2nd tempo, i.e. team play requiring the coordination and synchronization of three players. Players' activity as well as the performance efficiency of the sets they performed in the 2nd tempo increased along with an increase in the sporting efficiency of the examined teams. In the case of sets performed in the 3rd tempo, activity and the efficiency of coordination declined along with the growth of sports efficiency. The suggested indexes of the employment and application of synergy enable us to determine its level within the teams which differ in regards to sports efficiency. A diagnostic value of the index of synergy usage, which is determined by the efficiency of sets in various paces, is higher than a diagnostic value of the index that is determined by the activity of team play. Conclusions. Nowadays, sport teams, especially those which play volleyball at the highest world level, are characterized by a high level of dynamic organization of players' activities, which is manifested in the game with the high efficiency of team play when solving situational problems in the offense, particularly with the use of two or three players conducted in the 1st and 2nd tempos.
3
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Pro-Oxidative Processes and Cytokine Response to Training in Professional Basketball Players

51%
Zembroń-Łacny A., Slowińska-Lisowska M., Superlak E.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2008
|
vol. 20
81-88
EN
In the present study, we evaluated the plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and their relation with oxidative damage markers in training cycles of basketball players.Sixteen professional players of the Polish Basketball Extraleague participated in the study. The basketball players were observed during the preparatory period and the play-off round. Twenty healthy and untrained males composed of the reference group.The comparative study has shown significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (PC) in nonathletes than in basketball players during the observed training periods. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), similarly to TBARS and PC, was significantly higher in nonathletes than athletes, except at the end of the play-off round. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was lower in nonathletes than athletes in the preparatory period but it was higher in athletes in play-off round. In basketball players, the high level of IL-6 directly correlated with TBARS (r = 0.763, p<0.001) and PC (r = 0.636, p<0.001) during the preparatory period, whereas the high level of TNF α inversely correlated with TBARS (r = −0.601, p<0.001) and PC (r = −0.650, p<0.001) in the play-off round. The activity of creatine kinase (CK) was significantly increased during the training mezocycles in basketball players compared with nonathletes, and reached the highest activity at the end of the play-off round. CK activity did not correlate with oxidative damage markers and cytokines in both untrained and trained subjects.Our results have shown the reduction in oxidative damage and improvement in cytokine response following professional training, as well as the relationship between inflammatory and pro-oxidative processes in basketball players.
4
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The Effects of a Six-week Plyometric Training Program on the Stiffness of Anterior and Posterior Muscles of the Lower Leg in Male Volleyball Players

33%
Mroczek D., Superlak E., Seweryniak T., Maćkała K., Konefał M., Chmura P., Borzucka D., Rektor Z., Chmura J.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2017
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vol. 20
|
issue 4
107-115
EN
The study assesses the effects of a six-week plyometric training program (PT) on muscle stiffness in the dominant and non-dominant leg in male collegiate volleyball players. The study group comprised 16 volleyball players who had played collegiate volleyball for at least four years. For six consecutive weeks, twice a week, the players undertook a plyometric program of 60-min training sessions, each preceded with a specialist warm-up. The analysis of the anterior muscles of the right and the left lower leg revealed a significant increase in stiffness in the muscles of the right leg and the left leg. No significant differences were found between the anterior muscles of the left lower leg and the right lower leg in particular weeks of the training program. The analysis of the posterior lower leg muscles revealed no significant differences, either in the consecutive weekly training microcycles or between the left leg and the right leg. The measurement of muscle tone and biomechanical properties of muscles can be used as a fast and direct assessment of plyometric training-related muscle fatigue. A similar level of muscle stiffness in both lower legs (symmetry) is a reflection of the appropriate selection of plyometric training loads.
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