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Ethical considerations in the use of brain-computer interfaces

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Open Medicine
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 6
720-724
EN
Nervous system disorders are among the most severe disorders. Significant breakthroughs in contemporary clinical practice may provide brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and neuroprostheses (NPs). The aim of this article is to investigate the extent to which the ethical considerations in the clinical application of brain-computer interfaces and associated threats are being identified. Ethical considerations and implications may significantly influence further development of BCIs and NPs. Moreover, there is significant public interest in supervising this development. Awareness of BCIs’ and NPs’ threats and limitations allow for wise planning and management in further clinical practice, especially in the area of long-term neurorehabilitation and care.
2
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Wybrane rozwiązania automatyki i robotyki w wózkach dla niepełnosprawnych / Selected solutions of automatics and robotics in wheelchairs for disabled people

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2011
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vol. 25
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issue 1
11-18
EN
Increasing amount of disabled, severe ill and older people causes growth of demands for various kinds of wheelchairs. No doubts it is conducive to automation and robotization of wheelchairs and their integration into wider environments designed to support disabled people. Presented solutions serve to support and independency of the person. Main directions of development modern wheelchairs are as follows: - power wheelchairs with advanced and sophisticated driving system, including all wheel driven, caterpilar tracks, special rollers etc., - control systems, including both newest solutions for conventional joystick control, control with any part of users body and sophisticated voice control system, Brain Computer Interfaces, intelligent wheelchiars avoiding obstacles etc. - increase of comfort for user including automatic adjustment, easy-to-use set-up and special functions made wheelchair friendly during long use, - integration of wheelchaior and its user with wireless nets, mobile comms systems, GPS etc. - robotization of wheelchairs, which allows to perform with wheelchair another functions, eg. stair climbing, balance position etc. and makes possible use of wheelchair-side robots accompanied by bed-side robots. It makes easier to use wheelchairs by active users in developed countries. Poor countries need another apporach, decreasing prices and increasing accessibility to wheelchairs. Further wheelchairs development depends partly on their interoperability within smart home systems, augmented reality systems and ambient intelligence systems. All these systems contains solutions (both hardware and software) dedicated to disabled, severe ill and older people, significantly increasing their possibilities and independence. Joined together, thanks to effect of synergy, it can be more effective and much chiper compared with traditional (current) solutions. Moreover growth of people, who needs care probably will cause shortage of qualified medical staff, especially physicians, physiotherapists and nurses. In significant percent of causes integrated solutions can relieve them, even if partly only. Broad offer of possibilities causes neccesity to provide professional selection of the wheelchair. Even the best solution, but unsuiltable or improperly adjusted can cause dislike of user and be his/her another limitation.
3
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Neuroplasticity in rehabilitation after central nervous system damages – computational models

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
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vol. 26
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issue 1
51-58
EN
Increasing survival rates in severe illnesses and traumatic injuries can lead to an increase in the number of disabled people with central nervous system (CNS) damages. Motor training after CNS damage is an important part of neurorehabilitation. It can partially reverse the loss of cortical representation after lesion thanks to neuroplasticity. Patients may regain some motor functions in the months following damage due both to spontaneous recovery and physical therapy interventions targeted at further improvement of function. The neural correlates of motor training after CNS damage have been investigated in animals with motor cortex lesions and in humans using fMRI, TMS, etc. However it is hard to fully explain all mechanisms of neuroplasticity. One of ways to increase knowledge and clinical experience is developing of computational models. To refine a lot of hypotheses existing in the area of CNS neuroplasticity there are useful computational models of lesions and following recovery due to neurorehabilitation. The models based on artificial neural networks are novel solution, but in some cases can provide effectivity and biological plausibility. This article aims at investigating the extent to which the available opportunities are being exploited, including models as a first step in the development of adaptive and cost-effective rehabilitation methods tailored to individuals with CNS deficits.
4
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Wybrane zastosowania modeli komputerowych w medycynie

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2011
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vol. 65
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issue 1-2
78-87
EN
Wide application of IT systems in medicine conduces to fi nd new applications for them. One of the above is performing simulation in medical and biological sciences with the use of computer models. This article aims at familiarizing their selected applications and possible directions of further researches according to the latest knowledge.
PL
Coraz szersze wykorzystanie systemów informatycznych w medycynie sprzyja znajdowaniu dla nich wciąż nowych zastosowań. Przykładem jest tworzenie modeli komputerowych wykorzystywanych w naukach medycznych i biologicznych. Artykuł przybliża ich wybrane zastosowania oraz możliwe kierunki rozwoju w świetle najnowszej wiedzy.
5
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The prospects of brain - computer interface applications in children

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Open Medicine
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 1
74-79
EN
The restoring of motor functions in adults through brain-computer interface applications is widely studied in the contemporary literature. But there is a lack of similar analyses and research on the application of brain-computer interfaces in the neurorehabilitation of children. There is a need for expanded knowledge in the aforementioned area. This article aims at investigating the extent to which the available opportunities in the area of neurorehabilitation and neurological physiotherapy of children with severe neurological deficits using brain-computer interfaces are being applied, including our own concepts, research and observations.
6
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Integrated IT environment for people with disabilities: a new concept

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Open Medicine
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 1
177-182
EN
This article evaluates the authors’ own concept of integrated IT environments for people with disabilities. Increasing numbers of disabled people and elderly people are affected by shortages of medical specialists and limited funding for medical care. Integrated IT environments for people with disabilities - through integration of various technical and medical solutions into one flexible system - are one way to provide increased independence and improved quality of life for disabled, elderly and severely ill people. The aim of this paper is to assess the extent to which the available possibilities in this area are being utilized, including the authors’ own concept. The implications of technological developments are discussed to lay the groundwork for further research.
7
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Nowoczesne rozwiązania techniczne w usprawnianiu funkcji kończyn górnych

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2012
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vol. 66
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issue 4
34-40
EN
Diseases, injuries and other pathologies can limit upper limb functions. Scientists and clinicians are constantly looking for new, more eff ective solutions to use in therapy of upper limb functions. This article reviews the basic rehabilitative robots and exoskeletons in the rehabilitation of upper limb functions and then considers how the principles may be applied in clinical conditions to restore the functions of upper limbs.
PL
Schorzenia, urazy oraz inne zmiany patologiczne mogą ograniczać realizację funkcji kończyn górnych. Naukowcy i klinicyści ciągle poszukują nowych, efektywniejszych rozwiązań do wykorzystania ich w terapii. Artykuł stanowi przegląd podstawowych rozwiązań robotów rehabilitacyjnych i egzoszkieletów wykorzystywanych w rehabilitacji funkcji kończyn górnych. Autorzy podejmują dyskusję na temat zastosowania wymienionych rozwiązań w warunkach klinicznych do przywracania funkcji kończyn górnych.
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Komputeryzacja testów w fizjoterapii / computerization of testing in physical therapy

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Physiotherapy
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2011
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vol. 19
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issue 2
59-68
EN
Increased use of computerized adaptive tests (CATs) to generate outcome measures during physical therapy has stimulated questions concerning CAT implementation and score interpretation. CAT allows, based on item bank, to measure e.g. the impact of diseases on functioning and well-being, producing quick, valid and precise estimates and efficient outcomes collection. Wider application of CAT may improve usefulness and clinical interpretation of these individually tailored outcome measures and assist clinicians during clinical practice. What more, it can be applied both in hospital and outpatient physical therapy settings.
9
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Interfejsy człowiek–komputer dla osób niepełnosprawnych i w podeszłym wieku

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Mikołajewska E., Mikołajewski D.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2014
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vol. 68
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issue 1
53-61
EN
The use of a computer may give disabled people independence, a feeling of increased productivity and an increased sense of self-respect. Thus there is a constant need to train disabled people in the use of computers and associated assistive technology. This task contitutes an enormous challenge because of both the increasing number of disabled people and the ageing population. This article aims at investigating the extent to which the available opportunities in this area are being exploited.
PL
Wykorzystanie komputera może dać osobie niepełnosprawnej niezależność, poczucie zwiększonej produktywności oraz wzrost szacunku do samego siebie. Istnieje zatem stała potrzeba wdrażania osób niepełnosprawnych w użycie komputerów oraz rozwiązań dostosowujących komputery do potrzeb osób niepełnosprawnych. Stanowi to ogromne wyzwanie w związku z rosnącą liczbą osób niepełnosprawnych oraz starzeniem się społeczeństwa. Artykuł stanowi próbę oceny stopnia wykorzystania możliwości w omawianym zakresie.
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