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Impact of climate variability on yield of maize and yam in Cross River State, Nigeria: An autoregressive distributed lag bound approach

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Edet E. O., Udoe P. O., Isong I. A., Abang S. O., Ovbiroro F. O.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2021
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vol. 36
60-74
EN
The study examined the impact of climate variability on yield of maize and yam in Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the long-run and short-run impact of climate variability factors on yields of maize and yam. Data were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMeT) and Cross River State Ministry of Agriculture spanning from 1990-2016. Data obtained were analyzed using inferential statistics. Precisely, the model was estimated by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple regression technique, which is within the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound approach and error correction testing framework. Both model-1 (maize yield) and model-2 (yam yield) passed through the conditions of the diagnostics and stability test. The study revealed that climate variables had a significant impact on maize yield both in the long and short-run. Based on the findings, it was concluded that proactive measures should be put in place to aid crop farmers adapt to the prevailing and looming threats of climate variability for the purpose of attaining the State’s food security balance sheet. To sustain this drive, an institutional and infrastructural support system is advocated in order to meet one of the goals of sustainable development agenda of the United Nations. Policy recommendations on how to cushion the impact of climate variability on the prescribed crops have been appropriately cited.
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Economics analysis of maize hybrid influenced by tillage method and planting density

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Thapa S. B., Shrestha P., Basnet K. B., Aryal K.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 24
71-78
EN
The experiment was laid out in a strip-split plot design consisting of 16 treatments with three replications, at NMRP, Rampur, Chitwan during the winter season (October, 2015 to March, 2016). Four different levels of planting geometry (60 cm×30 cm, 60 cm×24 cm, 60 cm×19.5 cm and 60 cm×16.5 cm, representing 55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1, respectively), two hybrid varieties of maize (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6) and two tillage methods (conventional and zero tillage) were used as the treatments. Economic analysis revealed that significantly higher net benefit (NRs. 1,06,692 ha-1) was obtained with 85 rather than 55 thousand plants ha-1 (NRs. 79,249 ha-1), but remained at par with 69 (NRs. 92,656 ha-1) and 101 (NRs. 96,198 ha-1) thousand plants ha-1. Moreover, the B:C ratio was higher in 85 (2.57) than 55 (2.28), 69 (2.43) and 101 (2.35) thousand plants ha-1. The net returns and B:C ratio (NRs. 97,372 and 2.46) obtained from Rampur hybrid 6 were also higher, but statistically at par with Rampur hybrid 4 (NRs. 90,024 and 2.35), respectively. In addition, net returns and B:C ratio obtained from zero tillage (NRs. 1,03,473 and 2.6) were better than conventional tillage (NRs. 83,924 and 2.22). Thus, both hybrid maize varieties (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6) can be successfully grown under a zero tillage system with optimum plant population of 85 thousand plants ha-1 to achieve higher grain yield and better winter season net returns in western Chitwan, Rampur, Nepal.
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Economics of Environmental Pollution on Cassava-Based Farmers’ Health and Production Efficiency within Lafarge Cement Concession Area in Mfamosing, Cross River State, Nigeria

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Edet E. O., Udoe P. O., Isong I. A., Abiam N. E.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 23
182-199
EN
The paper undertakes an assessment of the economics of environmental pollution on cassava-based farmers’ health and production efficiency within the Lafarge cement concession area in Mfamosing, Akamkpa Local Government Area, Cross River State. Data for the study were sourced from 60 cassava-based farmers drawn from neighbourhood and non-neighbourhood locations and analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic production frontier techniques. The result showed that farming activities in the area have been dominated by females with an average age of 43 and 35 years of age and household size between 4 and 6 persons. Clearly, the results indicate that cement plant activities have reduced farm productivity over the last 5 years, and has affected the livelihood of the farmers. The study also averred that respiratory diseases, diarrhea, skin rashes, heart disease, asthma, coughs and skin cancer have been the various health challenges suffered by the farmers. According to the study results, farmers lost 44 days due to heart disease, 33 days due to respiratory diseases, and 7 days due to diarrhea. The result of the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the stochastic frontier production function indicate that hired labour, quantity of fertilizer used and quantity of cassava stem cuttings were the significant variables that influenced cassava yield. The estimated technical efficiency (TE) ranged from 0.45 - 0.99, with a mean index of 0.67 (target group) and 0.57 – 0.99, with a mean of 0.82 (control group). The number of days lost due to illness was the most significant variable influencing inefficiency levels in the study area. It was, therefore, recommended that policies aimed at increasing efficiency should focus on improving health care services in the farming communities, while encouraging efficient level of pollution control by the prescribed cement factory, ab initio.
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Natural Resources, Classification of Natural Potential, Sustainable Development

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Rajović G., Bulatović J.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2017
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vol. 6
12-27
EN
Natural resources are limited, whether as a non-renewable or renewable. Planet Earth has a natural capacity and it is given for the human community. The current pace of development of the world economy and the accelerated population growth are threatened and may soon lead to exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources and exceed the speed of regeneration of renewable resources (water, energy, food), thus leading into questioning the survival of human communities and future generations. Only through the application of the principles of sustainable development (sustainable use of resources) and implementation of logic survival one can assure safe and steady growth to be followed by present and future needs of human being.
5
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Effect of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) on Human Development and its Impact on the Economy of Farmers in Obubra Rainforest Zone of Nigeria

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Adiaha M. S.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2017
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vol. 10
80-85
EN
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has been found to be productive, serving nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical needs and, hence, holding economic value for the grower and marketer. Indeed, studies show that the growing of Okra has raised the standard of living/economy of local farmers. Apart from serving as food, the multitude of uses of Okra in herbal medicine indicate its value as a pharmaceutical. As a cash crop, demand and patronage has increased, there-by bringing more income to farmers and partly contributing to enhanced food/crop production, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria.
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Agronomic evaluation and economic profitability of biopesticide derived a neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed in leafy onion and African eggplant production

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Zongo K. F., Dabire K., Sogoba K. H., Zongo S. F., Sanon A., Guebre D., Hien E.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2023
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vol. 48
14-27
EN
Leafy onion and African eggplant are two profitable crops whose yields are negatively impacted by insect pests, vectors and diseases. This study was undertaken to compare the agronomic efficacy and economic profitability of neem seed extract to the conventional vegetable crop in Louda village. A randomised complete block design with three replications including one treatment of Neem seed grain powder aqueous extract (TB); treatment of chemical pesticide of industrial synthesis (TP); and control treatment, without any phytosanitary treatment (TA) was implemented with farmers. The results showed that neem seed extracts had comparable effects to chemical pesticides in pest control. Indeed, compared to the TA treatment, the TP and TB treatments significantly reduced the number of perforated plants of Leafy onion and African eggplant. The number of diseased plants of African eggplant was significantly reduced by -239% under TB treatment compared to TA. The best yields were recorded with the TB and TP treatments significantly increases of 33 and 44% on leafy onion and 57 and 56% on African eggplant respectively compared to the TA treatment. Economically, the results showed that gross margins from production and marketing of leafy onion under TB and TP were 63% and 17% higher respectively; net margins 91% and 76%; and average labour productivity 91% and 80% higher than under TA. These results show that the use of biopesticides in leafy onion and African eggplant crops was relatively equal to and many times more agronomically and economically effective than industrial pesticide treatment. Thus, better pest management by vegetable growers and the production of healthy produce can be achieved by adopting organic production and by training garden farmers in the manufacture and use of biopesticides.
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The Effects of Gender Differentials in Determining Access to Credit and Profitability among Dry Season Farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria

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Oyediji O., Ibitoye O. S., Oyetunji P. O.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 24
157-177
EN
The study investigated the gender dimensions of access to credit and profitability among dry season farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Lack of finance was identified as one of the major problems facing rural farming households in Nigeria. This impedes their productivity and negatively affects their overall standard of living. The study was conducted at Odogbolu Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. A multistage stage sampling technique was employed to select 200 respondents. The first stage was the purposive selection of a local government and the second is the random selection of two communities from the local government. The results from the study indicate that 54% of the farmers (of which 38% are male farmers) have access to credit, but that only 14.81% obtained credit from formal sources. The results also showed that there is a disparity between the incomes earned by male and female farmers. While farm size was identified to have a significant effect on profitability for both male and female farmers, access to credit was not significant and could be as a result of misappropriation of funds, lack of technical expertise, market inefficiencies, as well as inconsistent government policies. This study, therefore, recommends that the interest rates given to farmers should be reduce so as to encourage investment, and that government efforts and schemes should consider the inclusion of women so that the gender gap in productivity and income can be greatly reduced.
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Challenges facing forest production value addition and implication on economic development

100%
Oke R. A.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2019
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vol. 25
130-140
EN
There is need for forest policies to include value addition in the production and marketing of timber forest products, TFPs and non-timber forest products, as well as NTFPs to promote forest activities and to improve the livelihood of both rural and urban people and further enhance the trade and marketability of these products. Processing of forest products is imperative to their marketability. This review identifies the challenges facing forest products production and their implications on the economy. It draws upon different case studies from around the world. The paper concludes that value addition will go a long way in enhancing its acceptability.
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