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1
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Localization of Acoustic Signals Used in Sound Emitters at Pedestrian Crosswalks

100%
Niewiarowicz M., Furmann A.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2012
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vol. 121
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issue 1A
A-9-A-12
EN
This study aimed at determining an optimal acoustic signal, which could be used in sound emitters at blind and visually impaired enabled pedestrian crosswalks. Two signals were identified from among groups of tested signals on the basis of psychoacoustic tests. These two signals met the following standard requirements: TR signal - a signal with a triangular temporal envelope and a sinusoidal carrier and RC signal - a signal with a rectangular temporal envelope and a rectangular carrier, both with a basic frequency of 880 Hz, repeated periodically with a frequency of 5 Hz. The ability to localize was tested by a modified method of angle of directional hearing acuity in which the two alternative forced choice adaptation procedure was used. The test signals were emitted against the background of traffic noise and the ratio of the useful signal (65 dB SPL) to noise (75 dB SPL) was (-10 dB). The tests were conducted on 8 subjects with normal hearing (5 women and 3 men), aged 22-37 years. Following statistical analysis it was found that: individual subjects' responses differed considerably with respect to angle of direction hearing acuity values, localization is most difficult at the angles of 90° and 270°, worse localization for trams noise were stated, RC signals are better localized than TR signals.
2
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Psychoacoustical Estimation of Selected Acoustic Signals Which Can Be Applied at Pedestrian Crosswalks

100%
Bogusz E., Furmann A.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2011
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vol. 119
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issue 6A
925-931
EN
The paper presents a psychoacoustical evaluation of selected acoustic signals, which according to Polish and international recommendations can be applied at pedestrian crosswalks. The aim of the study was the optimal adjustment of parameters of the signals emitted at pedestrian crosswalks, and to meet the expectations of persons with vision impairments as well as nearby residents or workers working near the crossing. The psychoacoustical evaluation of acoustic signals consists of determination of the hearing threshold of signals in the quiet, detection of signals presented against a background of various types of traffic noises (estimated signal-to-noise ratio) and annoyance assessment of signals. Three types of intermittent sounds were analysed: signals with rectangular time pattern filled up with rectangular wave, signals with rectangular time pattern filled up with sinusoidal wave and signals with triangular time pattern filled up with sinusoidal wave. Four fundamental frequencies (550 Hz, 880 Hz, 1580 Hz and 2000 Hz) and two repetition rates (5 Hz and 9 Hz) were tested. The results of the study have shown that the most suitable signals which can be applied at pedestrian crosswalks are the intermittent sounds with rectangular time pattern filled up with rectangular wave of fundamental frequencies 880 Hz and 1580 Hz and repetition rate 5 Hz and the intermittent sounds with rectangular time pattern and triangular time pattern both filled up with sinusoidal wave of fundamental frequencies 1580 Hz and repetition rate 5 Hz.
3
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Comparison of Effects of Auditory and Music Training of Blind or Visually Impaired Young People on Performance in Selected Auditory Tasks

81%
Skrodzka E., Furmann A., Bogusz-Witczak E., Hojan E.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2015
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vol. 128
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issue 1A
A-29-A-35
EN
Performance of blind/visually impaired children and teenagers before and after the auditory training and the music training in some auditory tasks (pitch discrimination, pitch-timbre categorization, pitch memory, lateralization of a stationary sound of a drum, lateralization of one or two moving motor vehicles) is compared. In the auditory training, the subjects were actively involved, i.e. they had to answer questions related to presented sound material. The music training was based on passive listening to sounds presented according to the Tomatis method. The training (auditory or music) effectiveness was measured as a difference between results of a pre- and post-training verification test in which the subjects were asked to perform the auditory tasks mentioned at the beginning. The persons who took part in the study were divided into two age groups: 7-12 year olds and 13-19 year olds. According to the results, the auditory training was beneficial for blind or visually impaired teenagers, especially in respect of lateralization tasks. For small children the auditory training was not as effective as for adolescents. However, it has been shown that the music training was generally beneficial for them, although none of the verification tasks was privileged.
4
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The Effect of Sound Reproduction Method on Performance in Sound Source Localization by Visually Impaired and Normally Sighted Subjects

81%
Furmann A., Skrodzka E., Giżewski Ł., Nowotny P.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2013
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vol. 123
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issue 6
988-994
EN
The study was undertaken to check the effect of 3D sound recording and reproduction methods on performance in localization of sound source by the visually impaired and normally sighted subjects. The performance was evaluated on the basis of the ability to identify the direction from which the sound comes and the direction of its propagation. The experiment involved a test in which the subjects were exposed to sounds reproduced by two methods of spatial reproduction: binaural (headphones) and Ambisonics (loudspeaker). The binaural recordings were reproduced through two types of headphones, open and closed ones, and the recordings were made with the help of a dummy head. The recordings for loudspeaker reproduction were made with the use of two microphone matrices, Octava and Panasonic. The subjects were adults and children, including blind and VIC. They had otologically normal hearing. The test included realization of three tasks. The first concerned identification of the direction from which sound has come from an immovable source, a rattle or a drum. In the second and third task, the subjects were asked to indicate the direction of motion of the source of sound (vehicle). For the adults, the method of recording and reproduction of sound had little effect on the test results. For the VIC, a significant difference was noted between the results of headphone and loudspeaker exposure, to the advantage of the headphone exposure. The method of binaural recording and sound exposure through headphones seems much more effective for auditory training of VIC.
5
Content available remote

The Concept of the Auditory Training for Blind and Visually Impaired Children and Teenagers

81%
Skrodzka E., Maciągowski M., Furmann A.
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vol. 125
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issue 4A
A-31-A-37
EN
The paper was inspired by the hitherto published results concerning provision of efficient assistance to visually impaired persons by means of acoustic and vibratory signals. The aim of the auditory training is to shorten the time necessary for execution of auditory information processing, sensibilize blind persons to differences in sounds and teach them to focus auditory attention on small differences in parameters of acoustic waves, in order to achieve independent and correct interpretation of environment by hearing and listening. The basic concept of the auditory training addressed to blind or visually impaired children and teenagers is presented in detail. Preliminary verification of the effectiveness of training of young adults without vision impairments has not shown statistically significant differences in performance before and after the training. Possible reasons for such an effect are pointed out and solutions are suggested.
6
Content available remote

Results of Auditory Training for Blind and Visually Handicapped Children and Adolescents

71%
Bogusz-Witczak E., Skrodzka E., Furmann A., Hojan E., Przybek K.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2015
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vol. 127
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issue 1
117-119
EN
Results of an auditory training for blind/visually impaired children and teenagers are presented. A measure of the training effectiveness is the difference between the results of a pre- and post-training verification test. Two age groups of visually handicapped young persons were tested: 7-12 years old and 14-19 years old. It was shown that the training may be beneficiary for blind or visually impaired children and teenagers, especially in tasks related to localization of moving sound sources. No differences in training results were found between age groups. The results of trained groups were compared to those obtained for not trained control groups of young blind individuals.
7
Content available remote

A New Method of Teaching Spatial Orientation to the Blind

37%
Hojan E., Jakubowski M., Talukder A., Wereda H., Furmann A., Ewertowski R., Skrodzka E., Perz P., Pękala P., Bogusz E., Lubawy H., Tomaszewski F., Czechyra B., Orczyk M., Szymański G., Niewiarowicz M., Hojan-Jezierska D., Jezierska A.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2012
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vol. 121
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issue 1A
A-5-A-8
EN
Elaboration of a new method of teaching spatial orientation to blind and visually handicapped persons base on urban environment sounds was shown. Task 1 is a questionnaire inquiry on the problems of the blind moving in a big city. In Task 2 a preliminary selection and classification of the acoustic signals and vibrations that can be useful for spatial orientation was made. In Task 3 an analysis of acoustic signals for sound signalisation at pedestrian crossings was made. Some solutions for acoustic signalization were proposed. In Task 4 sounds and vibrations necessary for a library of acoustic events and situations characteristic of a city were recorded. In Task 5 the library was created and arranged to be ready to be used by teachers in the spatial orientation training. The most important outcome of the study was to develop a method of spatial orientation teaching with employment of sounds and verification of the method (Task 6). After verification it is concluded that the method is useful for spatial education of the blind at different levels of their education.
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