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Inverse Dynamics and Artificial Neural Network Applications in Gait Analysis of the Disabled Subjects

100%
Wit A., Czaplicki A.
Human Movement
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 2
93-102
EN
The aim of this study is to review the achievements of the mathematical modeling of muscles force contribution during walking. In order to determine the contributions of individual muscles to the net force or net muscle torque at a given joint, the external forces acting on lower extremity joints during gait ought to be identified. The solution of this problem, called in biomechanics the inverse dynamics, is now regarded as a classical method of movement modelling. In the hypothesis put forward in this paper, it is considered if the artificial neural network method could be applied to the muscle contraction prediction during gait analysis in normal and disabled subjects. Artificial neural network (ANN) is an artificial intelligence method used in mathematical modelling and its applications in diverse areas, especially in biology and medicine, are steadily progressing. The achievements and possibilities of ANN in biomechanics were presented previously by others authors. For example, Liu and Lockhart [13] attempted at creating a network capable of reproducing muscle forces during gait from EMG signals recorded in working muscles. The objective of our study was to make use of the experience gained in the construction of ANN and to apply advanced mathematical procedures to identical experimental conditions of gaint analysis.
2
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Ultrasound guided joint space distance changes during manual traction of acromioclavicular joint in young and healthy adults

81%
Marciniak T., Brożyński M., Wit A.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2015
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vol. 29
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issue 3
13-19
EN
Introduction: Manual traction is a commonly used technique in manual therapy. However, depicting changes in joint space distance via real time imaging during traction is seldomly applied. The aims of the study were to identify ACJ joint space distance changes during manual traction and creation of a classification of the techniques upon the largest change in the resultant parameter (l) representing joint space distance. Material and methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers were examined unilaterally. Acromioclavicular joint space distance changes were measured with dynamic ultrasound imaging during followingmanual traction techniques: International Academy of Orthopedic Medicine technique (IAOM AC), Karel Lewit’s Prague School of Manual Medicine & Rehabilitation technique (LAC) and author’s own proposition (B AC). The differences in joint space distance between resting position (RP) and the traction technique position, created three parameters of displacement - horizontal (x), vertical (y) and (l) - the resultant component. Results: Parameters were not coherent with normal distribution. Statistical differences showed significance in the (x) parameter for IAOM AC compared with L AC (p<0,0183) and B AC (p<0,02). All techniques presented a significant increase of the resultant distance (l), compared with RP as the reference value - IAOM AC p<0,0036, L AC and B AC p<0,0000. In few cases L AC decreased the distance in the (x) parameter, but not significantly. Conclusions: 1.Significant changes of (x) parameter did not correspond with the significance of the resultant parameter (l), which prevented authors from creating a classification of the techniques. 2.All traction techniques used in the study increased the joint space distance compared to RP, which confirms traction’s theoretical assumptions. 3.For clinical purpose the change of (x) parameter may prove crucial for therapy’s effectiveness, despite lack of change in the joint space distance in the resultant parameter (l) by itself.
3
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Pelvis motion characteristics in case of induced gait perturbation in male and female adults

81%
Łysoń B., Bienias K., Ścibek J., Wit A.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2019
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vol. 33
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issue 3
27-33
EN
Introduction Falls are a serious social problem. The risk of falling is higher for women compared to the male population, which may be resulting from differences in anatomy of the pelvis. Even though there are papers describing pelvis reaction to perturbation differentiating males and females, the perturbation is usually applied in standing position. The study’s aim was to compare selected values describing the pelvis motion while gait perturbation and normal walking, having regard to sex differences. Material and methods The study group included 43 young healthy adults (27 women and 16 men) aged 23±4 years. Motek Grail system was used to record the position of reflective markers placed on subjects’ body. Gait perturbation (trip) was induced by decelerating one of the belts of the treadmill integrated with the system. Three-dimensional kinematic parameters for the left leg stance phase, when the perturbation occurred, and the next stance phase of the contralateral leg was analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted in STATISTICA software using a two-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. Results Statistically significant differences between gait and perturbation were found for each of the analyzed planes. It was also observed that gender influenced the results. Females had greater maximum pelvic tilt and greater rotation to the right compared to men, both for gait and perturbation. Conclusions Based on the obtained results it can be suggested that differences in the anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis between male and female may be the reason of higher risk of falling while walking in women compared to the men.
4
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Effects of subtalar joint hypermobility on load-bearing capability of the musculoskeletal system of the foot during free gait- literature review

71%
Łukasik E., Kapiński N., Mioduszewski A., Wychowański M., Wit A.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2018
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vol. 32
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issue 3
37-44
EN
Flat foot is caused by subtalar joint hypermobility which leads to changes in foot mechanics while walking. It results in increased load of the musculoskeletal system of the foot. It is proved by the literature which presents flat foot as an etiological factor responsible for numerous overuse injuries in this region. In particular, they concern the structures which support the longitudinal arch of the foot, i.e. Achilles tendon, tendons of tibialis posterior muscle, plantar fascia, sesamoid bones, hallux, metatarsal head and metatarsal bones. Due to the fact that foot loads and mechanics change during different gait phases, the magnitude of forces affecting particular tendons and ligaments also varies at its specific phases. Therefore, it is important that the findings of the latest studies on flat foot be collected in order to develop appropriate programmes of functional rehabilitation of the indicated deformity as well as therapeutic programmes for overuse injuries. Although this deformity and its consequences are a common problem, the foot still remains an unexplored area at the level of kinematics and kinetics. In particular, it is necessary to conduct research regarding correlations between the foot structure and its functions. It will be possible to broaden the knowledge in this field owing to the development or identification of the mathematical foot model taking into account common kinesiological problems with lower limbs that stem from flat foot.
5
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Lower limb laterality versus foot structure in men and women

71%
Ilnicka L., Trzaskoma Z., Wiszomirska I., Wit A., Wychowański M.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
28-42
EN
Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine connections between the functional asymmetry of limbs and the morphological asymmetry of feet. Material and methods: The study population consisted of 56 students: 30 females (mean age 20.29 ± 0.59 years) and 26 males (mean age 20.41 ± 0.78 years). The measurements of body build were taken with classical instruments. Body build was assessed on the basis of body height, body mass, and BMI. Seven features of the foot and 8 indices of foot arches were assessed. Assessment of laterality in upper and lower limbs was conducted on the basis of data from repeated interviews, and then verified with simple motor tests that imitated characteristic functions of the limbs. Asymmetry indices were calculated in order to determine asymmetries of the features. Mollison’s index was applied to assess dimorphic differences. Results: Features that were statistically different in the foot of the dominant limb and in the foot of the non-dominant limb were: among the group of females, the foot length without hindfoot, and the Clarke’s angle; among the group of males - the foot length without toes. Analyses of results of this study do not allow for a claim that laterality of lower extremities has a considerable impact on indices of longitudinal and transverse foot arches. Conclusions: The following conclusions were formulated on the basis of the conducted analysis regarding the group of subjects with homogeneous right laterality: - in females, the dominant limb’s foot is characterized by a shorter bone arm lever for dorsiflexors; - in males, the dominant limb’s foot is characterized by a shorter bone arm lever for plantaflexors.
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